Anti-Angiogenic Alternative and Complementary Medicines for the Treatment of Endometriosis: A Review of Potential Molecular Mechanisms

Table 4

Main anti-angiogeneic compounds for endometriosis that have been isolated from herbs.

Compounds Name	Component/herbLatin name/Chinese name	Mechanisms	Factors		Type	reference
			Angiogenesis targets	Other associated Targets
Guizhi Fuling Wan	Cinnamomum cassia (Guizhi); Poria cocos (Fuling); Moutan Cortex (Mudanpi); Prunus persica (Taoren); Paeonia lactiflora (Chishao)	Inhibited the proliferation of endometrial cells and cell division cycle; Promoted cell apoptosis	CD31↓; VEGF↓; HIF-1α↓	PCNA↓; Bcl-2↓; Bax↑; MEK↓; ERK↓	Rat model/In endometriosis patients	[146–153]
Xiaochaihu Tang	Bupleurum chinense (Chaihu); Scutellaria baicalensis (Huangqin); ginseng root (Renshen); Pinellia ternata (Banxia); Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Gancao); Zingiber officinale (Shengjiang); Ziziphus jujuba (Hongzao)	Inhibited the growth and angiogenesis	VEGF↓; MVD ↓	IL-8↓; TNF-α↓; MMP-2↓; MMP-9↓	Rat model	[154, 155]
Sanleng Wan	Sparganium stoloniferum Buch. (Sanleng); Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. (E’zhu)	Anti-angiogenesis	MVD ↓; VEGF↓; TNF-α↓	E2↓	Rat model	[156]
Jiawei Sanleng Wan	Sparganium stoloniferum Buch. (Sanleng); Curcuma phaeocaulis (E'zhu); Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi)	Anti-angiogenesis,; Inhibited the eutopic endometrium cells	VEGF↓	E2↓	Rat model/the eutopic endometrial cells	[157, 158]
Shaofu Zhuyu Decoction	Foeniculi Fructus (Xiaohuixiang); Zingiberis Rhizoma (Ganjiang); Corydalis Rhizoma (Yanhusuo); Commiphora myrrha (Moyao); Ligusticum chuanxiong (Chuanxiong); Angelica sinensis (Danggui); Paeonia lactiflora (Chishao); Cinnamomum cassia (Rougui); Typha angustifolia (Puhuang); Trogopterus xanthipes (Wulingzhi)	Reduced the size of ectopic lesions; Inhibited cell proliferation Increased cell apoptosis	MVD ↓; HIF-1α ↓; CD34 ↓		Rat model	[159]
Sanjie Zhentong Capsules	Daemonorops draco Bl. (Longxuejie); Panax notoginseng (Sanqi); Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. (Zhebeimu); Coix lacryma-jobi L. (Yiyiren)	Reduced endometriosis-associated pain; Anti-inflammatory; Enhanced immune function	VEGF↓; TNF-α↓	PGF2↓; TXB2↓	Rat model	[160–164]
Eleng capsules	Sparganium stoloniferum (Sanleng); Curcuma phaeocaulis (E'zhu); Slavia miltiorrhiza (Danshen); Curcuma wenyujin (Yujin); Trionyx sinensis (Biejia); Hirudo nipponica (Shuizhi); Citrus aurantium (Zhike)	Inhibited the growth of ectopic endometrium; Anti-adhesion, invasion and angiogenesis	VEGF↓	PRL↓; CA125↓; EMAb↓; sICAM-1↓; MMP-9↓	Rat model	[165–167]
Dan'e Fukang decoction	Slavia miltiorrhiza (Danshen); Curcuma phaeocaulis (E'zhu); Panax notoginseng (Sanqi); Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Chishao); Angelica sinensis (Danggui); Sparganium stoloniferum (Sanleng); Cyperus rotundus (Xiangfu); Corydalis yanhusuo (Yanhusuo); Bupleurum chinense (Chaihu); Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Gancao).	Inhibited the invasion and proliferation of endometrial cells	VEGF↓; TNF-α↓	MMP-9↓; TIMP-1↓; IL-17 ↓; IL-23↓	Rat model	[168–170]
Bushen Wenyang Huayu Decoction	Aconitum carmichaeli (Fuzi); Cinnamomum cassia (Rougui); Foeniculum uulgare (Xiaohuixiang); Corydalis yanhusuo (Yanhusuo); Commiphora myrrha (Moyao)	Relieved chronic pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea	VEGF ↓	CA125 ↓	In endometriosis patients	[171]
Xiaozheng decoction	Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi); Coix lacryma-jobi (Yiyiren); Patrinia villosa (Baijiangcao); Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen); Poria cocos (Fuling); Paeonia suffruticosa (Mudanpi); Paeonia lactiflora (Chishao); Cyperus rotundus (Xiangfu); Corydalis repens (Yanhusuo); Eupolyphaga (Tubiechong); Liquidambar (Lulutong); Gleditsia sinensis (Zaojiaoci); Lindera aggregata (Wuyao); Cyathula officinalis (Chuanniuxi); Cinnamomum cassia (Guizhi); Dipsacus asper (Xuduan)	Relieved dysmenorrhea; Improved qi stagnation and blood removal	VEGF↓; TNF-α↓	CA125↓; CA199↓; MMP-3↓; MMP-9↓	In endometriosis patients	[172]
Clearing heat and expelling blood stasis method	Polygonum emodi (Hongteng); Typha angustifolia (Shengpuhuang); Concha Ostreae (Muli); Corydalis repens (Yanhusuo); Semen Persicae (Taoren); Paeonia suffruticosa (Mudanpi); Cyperus rotundus (Xiangfu)	Educed the level of angiogenesis Anti-inflammatory	VEGFR2↓	COX-2↓	Rat model	[173]
Taoren Yujin Decoction	Semen Persicae (Taoren); Curcuma wenyujin (Yujin)	Reduced microvascular density Anti-angiogenesis	MVD↓; VEGF↓; Ang-2 ↓	E2↓; CA125↓; EMAb↓	Rat model	[174]
Huayu Xiaozheng Decoction	Salviae miltiorrhizae (Danshen); Morinda officinalis (Bajitian); Panax notoginseng (Sanqi); Coix lacryma-jobi (Yiyiren); Fritillaria thunbergii (Zhebeimu); Prunella vulgaris (Xiakucao); Polygonum aviculare (Bianxu); Rheum palmatum (Dahuang); Dianthus superbus (Qumai); Corydalis yanhusuo (Yanhusuo); Whitmania pigra Whitman (Shuizhi); Typha angustifolia (Puhuang); Daemonorops draco (Xuejie)	Anti-angiogenesis	VEGF↓; Ang-2 ↓		Rat model	[175]
Wenshen XiaozhengTang	Typha angustifolia (Puhuang); Trogopterus xanthipes (Wulingzhi); Draconis Sanguis (Xuejie); Astragalus membranaceus (Huangqi); Dipsacus asper (Xuduan); Commiphora myrrha (Moyao); Corydalis Rhizoma (Yanhusuo); MeLia toosendan (Chuanlianzi)	Decreased the lesion size; Inhibited cell proliferation	HIF-1α ↓; VEGF ↓		Rat model	[176]

CD31: platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; EMab: anti-endometrial antibody; PCNA: proliferating cell nuclear antigen; PRL: prolactin; TIMP-1: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor-1; TXB2: thromboxane B2.