Short-Term Efficacy of Pulsed Radiofrequency Thermal Stimulation on Acupoints for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Preliminary Study of a Randomized, Single-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Figure 4

Crude mean profile of the primary and secondary outcomes (mean for each symbol and standard deviation for the error bars). Each panel represents (a) visual analogue scale (VAS), (b) pain pressure threshold (PPT), (c) patient global impression of change (PGIC), and (d) Euro Quality of Life-5 Dimension (EQol-5D).

(a) Visual analogue scale (mm)

(b) Pain pressure threshold (kg/cm²)

(c) Patient Global Impression of Change

(d) Euro Quality of Life-5 Dimension