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Bioactivity | Substance/component/molecule | Object | Mechanism | Reference |
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Antibacterial | Ammonium carbonate Allantoin | - | Raise PH value | [10] |
Lucifensin | Staphylococcus Streptococcus species | Form ion channels or transmembrane pores | [15] |
Lucifensin II | Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | - | [18] |
Lucilin | Multidrug resistance Gram-negative bacteria | - | [20] |
MAMP | Standard and antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus | Increase membrane permeability | [21] |
Seraticin | Bacillus cereus Escherichia coli | Lysis of the bacterial membrane | [13] |
p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid p-Hydroxybenzoic acid Proline diketopiperazine | Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa | - | [14] |
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Antibiofilm | Chymotrypsin 1 | Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermidis | Disrupt protein adhesin-mediated biofilm formation | [27] |
DNAse | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Digest DNA in biofilm | [29] |
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Synergistic effect with antibiotic | Serine proteases | Gentamicin, flucloxacillin Ciprofloxacin Vancomycin, daptomycin, clindamycin | Reduce minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) Break down biofilm to allow the bacterial cells exposure to the antibiotics | [31–33] |
|
Antifungal | Lucimycin | Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota, Candida albicans, Phytophthora parasitica | Metal complex formation to a specific receptor | [35, 36] |
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Anti-inflammation | ES | Neutrophils | Reduce superoxide generation, myeloperoxidase, and CD11b/CD18 Inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis Cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism | [38] |
ES | Monocytes | Inhibit monocytes chemotaxis Decrease in IL-12p40, TNF-α, MIF Increase in IL-10 | [39] |
ES | Macrophage | Differentiate from proinflammatory to proangiogenic type Decrease MIP-1β, RANTES, and PDGF-BB Increase MCP-1 and IL-8 | [40] |
Kind of thermostable protein | Complement system | Break down complement proteins C3 and C4 | [41, 42] |
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Immunomodulatory | BLIP | T lymphocyte | Downregulate IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and CD25 Upregulate TNF-α and TGF-β | [43] |
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Proangiogenic | Unsaturated fatty acid | Microvascular endothelial cell | Improve migration Activate AKT1 signaling pathway | [49] |
Histidine Valinol 3-guanidinopropionic acid | Human umbilical vein endothelial cell | Improve migration Enhance VEGFR-2, CD34 and CD68 | [47] |
Not identified | Hepatocyte growth factor | Downregulate c-Myc, VEGF, and cyclin D1 Activate STAT3 and TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway | [50, 51] |
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Fibroblast migration/proliferation and ECM remodelling | Kind of serine proteinases | Fibroblasts keratinocytes | Increase cell metabolism and protein production (secondary lysosomes and residual bodies) | [54, 55] |
Trypsin/chymotrypsin-like serine Metalloproteinases Aspartyl proteases | EMC components | Degrade fibronectin Solubilize fibrin clots Digest ECM components | [57] |
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Procoagulant | Jonah-like protein | Human plasma Whole blood | Reduce clotting time Activate contact proteins factors XII, IX, and kininogen | [61] |
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Neuranagenesis | Homogenate products | - | Promote neuropeptides (PGP 9.5 and substance P) release | [62, 63] |
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Antitumor | ω-6 PUFA | Human leukemia cells A-549 lung cancer cells H22 hepatoma | Activate p38MAPK signal pathway | [64, 65] |
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Antiatherosclerosis | ES | Murine serum | Decrease TC, TG, LDL Increase HDL Regulate CD4+/CD8+ ratio | [66, 67] |
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