|
| CHPs | Active ingredients | Possible mechanisms |
|
| Single herb (SH) |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Dan-Shen) | Salvianolic acid B (SAB)
Miltirone
Tanshinone IIA | (1) Therapeutically alleviates oxidative stress and inflammatory process via modulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway on rat model [9].
(2) Inhibits thrombosis formation, platelet aggregation, and activation of PLC/PKC pathway on rat model [10]. |
| Astragalus membranaceus (Huang-Qi) | Saponins (astragalosides) Flavonoid Polysaccharides | (1) Protection against heart, brain, kidney, intestine, liver, and lung injury in various models of oxidative stress-related disease [11].
(2) Reducing proteinuria and increasing haemoglobin and serum albumin [12]. |
| Rheum Palmatum L. (Da-Huang) | Emodin | (1) Suppresses fibronectin and collagen type III expression via the inhibition of ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation in TGF-β1-stimulated NRK-49F cells [13].
(2) Inhibits renal fibrosis and inflammation to repress the deterioration of renal function [14, 15]. |
| Herbal formula (HF) |
| Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San | | (1) Reduces proinflammatory cytokine [16].
(2) Improves the survival rate of type 2 diabetes patients with HTN [17].
(3) IL-6 related antidepressant effect on menopausal women with mood disorder [18]. |
| Bu-Yang-Huan-Wu-Tang | | (1) Suppresses the inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in the kidney of rats after induction of brain death [19].
(2) Lowers the index number of kidney hypertrophy (KW/BW) and the alleviate injury of the rat’s kidney induced by proteinuria, lowers the quantity of nitric oxide, and reduces the damage of the kidneys, downregulates the expression of ICAM-1,VCAM-1 in renal tissue on diabetic kidney disease rats model [20].
(3) Inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis by affecting the expression levels of VEGF, RGS-5, and HIF-1α on nude mice model [21]. |
| Du-Huo-Ji-Sheng-Tang | | (1) Anti-inflammatory effect and strikingly suppressed the expressions of Rho/NF-κB signaling pathways as well as TGF-β/smad-3 pathways on rat model [22, 23].
(2) Promotes osteogenic differentiation and decreases the aging process of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro model [24]. |
| Zhi-Bo-Di-Huang-Wan | | (1) Enriches neuroendocrine immune pathways for immune-modulatory effects thus resulting in nephritis improvement [6, 25].
(2) Antioxidant capacity by increasing SOD and GSH [26]. |
| Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang | | (1) Antihypersensitivity effects by actions on alpha-2 adrenoreceptors in CCI-neuropathic rats [27].
(2) Increased blood circulation on rats model [28]. |
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