DNA Barcoding for the Identification and Authentication of Animal Species in Traditional Medicine

Table 2

Identification and authentication of animal species in traditional medicine by DNA barcoding and minibarcoding.

Medicinal species	Medicinal part	Therapeutic benefit	Adulterant species	Tested sample	Tested barcode	Reference
Chordata: Mammalia
Saiga tatarica	Horns	Treat fever, headaches, eye ailments, convulsion, epilepsy and agitation	Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Procapra gutturosa, and other ungulate species	Horns, muscles, skin	349 bp, 487 bp and 644 bp of COI	Chen et al. [57]; Yan et al. [58]; Cao et al. [59]
Bubalus bubalis	Horns	Treat fever, delirium, hemoptysis and convulsion	Bos grunniens, Bos taurus domesticus	Horns	487 bp of COI	Yan et al. [58]
Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis, Rhinoceros unicornis, and other rhino species	Horns	Treat fever, influenza, convulsion, delirium, hemoptysis and abscess	Bubalus bubalis, Bos taurus, Equus ferus	Horns, bones, hair, blood, feces, skin	230 bp of Cytb	Ewart et al. [60]
Cervus elaphus, Cervus nippon	Velvet antlers, tendons	Treat impotence, arthritis, anemia, knee weakness, skin ailments and urinary disorders, improve muscle tone and nerve function	Elaphurus davidianus, Dama dama, Rangifer tarandus, Bos spp., Bubalus bubalis	Antlers, tendons	COI, Cytb, 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA	Yan et al. [58]; Chung et al. [61]; Sin et al. [62]; Jiang et al. [63]; Cai et al. [64]
Moschus berezovskii	Musk	Treat stroke, coma, convulsion and sores		Skin, blood, muscles	627 bp of COI, 723 bp of D-loop	Yang et al. [65]
Manis pentadactyla	Scales	Treat asthma, rheumatism, arthritis and stomach ulcers, enhance microcirculation	Manis culionensis, Manis javanica, Manis tricuspis, and other pangolin species	Scales, muscles, blood	~650 bp of COI, 400 bp of Cytb, 576 bp of D-loop	Luczon et al. [66]; Mwale et al. [67]
Equus asinus	Gelatin	Promote hematopoiesis and arrest bleeding	Equus caballus, Bos taurus, Sus scrofa	Glue, hair, muscles	<100 bp of Cytb	Kumeta et al. [68]
Ursus thibetanus	Bile, gallbladders	Treat fever, epilepsy and haemorrhoids, alleviate inflammation and pain	Ursus americanus	Bile, coats	COI, Cytb, 16S rRNA	Coghlan et al. [36]; Janjua et al. [69]; Peppin et al. [70]
Panthera tigris	Bones	Relieve pain and convulsion	Canis lupus familiaris	Tanned leathers	Cytb	Jun et al. [71]
Lutra sumatrana	Skin	Treat fever		Tanned skin	COI	Janjua et al. [69]
Chordata: Reptilia
Gekko gecko	Dried body without viscera	Treat cough, cold, impotence, asthma and tuberculosis	Calots versicolor, Gekko japonicas, etc.	Muscles, livers	648 bp and 150 bp of COI	Gu et al. [72]
Zaocys dhumnades, Bungarus multicinctus	Dried body without viscera	Treat sores, abscesses, eye infection, rheumatoid arthritis and stroke, relieve pain, spasm and convulsion	Agkistrodon acutus, Coelognathus radiates, Cyclophiops major, Dinodon rufozonatum, Elaphe carinata, and other snake species	Muscles, other tissues, concentrated granules	48–658 bp of COI, 142–460 bp of 16S rRNA, 183–308 bp of Cytb, 83–350 bp of 12S rRNA	Jiang et al. [73]; Cao et al. [74]; Wang et al. [75]; Li et al. [76]; Chao et al. [77]
Chelonia mydas	Shell	Treat vertigo, agitation and insomnia		Blood, tissues	815 bp of COI	Naro-Maciel et al. [78]
Pelodiscus sinensis	Shell	Treat vertigo, agitation and insomnia	Dogania subplana, Lissemys punctata, other turtle species	Blood, tissues	621 bp and 650 bp of COI	Kundu et al. [79]; Reid et al. [80]
Caiman crocodilus, Gavialis gangeticus, and other crocodile species	Muscles	Treat rheumatism, asthma, epilepsy and stroke		Blood, tissues	645 bp and 750 bp of COI, 1290 bp of 16S rRNA	Meganathan et al. [81]; Jogayya et al. [82]; Eaton et al. [83]
Chordata: Actinopterygii
Hippocampus spp.	Dried body without viscera	Treat impotence, asthma, insomnia, infections and sores		Fins	653 bp of COI, 1140 bp of Cytb	Chang et al. [84]; Hou et al. [85]
Syngnathoides biaculeatus, Solegnathus hardwickii, Syngnathus acus	Dried body	Treat impotence, incontinence, asthma and arteriosclerosis	Doryichthys boaja, Hippichthys cyanospilus, Pegasus volitans, and other pipefish species	Muscles, fins	649 bp of COI, ~385 bp of 12S rRNA	Zhang et al. [86]; Gao et al. [87]
Epinephelus spp.	Muscles	Alleviate hypertension and hyperglycemia		Fins, livers, muscles	~700 bp of COI	Torres et al. [88]
Oncorhynchus spp., Salmo spp.	Muscles	Alleviate hypertension and hyperglycemia		Tissues	109–650 bp of COI	Rasmussen et al. [89]
Scomber spp.	Muscles	Relieve fatigue and nervosism		Muscles	226 bp of Cytb	Botti and Giuffra [90]
Decapterus Maruadsi	Muscles	Treat dysentery and hemoptysis		Tissues	652 bp of COI	Mat Jaafar et al. [91]
Chordata: Chondrichthyes
Manta alfredi, Manta birostris, Mobula japonica, Mobula kuhlii, Mobula tarapacana, and other mobulid ray species	Gill rakers	Relieve arthritis, asthma, children measles and skin sores and boils		Gill rakers	652 bp and 761 bp of COI, ~500 bp of 16S rRNA, 1033 bp of NADH2	Asis et al. [92]; Zeng et al. [93]; Steinke et al. [94]
Alopias vulpinus, Alopias pelagicus, Carcharhinus falciformis, Rhincodon typus, Sphyrna zygaena, and other shark species	Fins	Treat arthritis, improve immune system function		Fins, fin soup, muscles, liver oil, skin-care products	~110–650 bp of COI, ~500 bp of 16S rRNA	Steinke et al. [94]; Liu et al. [95]; Chuang et al. [96]; Fields et al. [97]; Cardeñosa et al. [98]
Chordata: Amphibia
Rana temporaria	Dried body, oil	Treat throat inflammation, cough, asthma and arthritis		Tissues	16S rRNA	Maya-Soriano et al. [99]
Bufo gargarizans	Toad cake, skin	Treat heart diseases, skin ailments and some cancers		Toe tips, muscles, livers	565–602 bp of COI	Che et al. [100]
Andrias davidianus	Dried body, skin	Treat anemia, dysentery, chills and burns		Toe tips, muscles, livers	565–602 bp of COI	Che et al. [100]
Batrachuperus pinchonii	Dried body, skin	Treat rheumatism and stomachache		Toe tips, muscles, livers	565–602 bp of COI	Che et al. [100]
Arthropoda: Insecta
Chrysomya megacephala	Dried larvae	Treat malnutrition and skin and soft tissue wounds	Lucilia illustris, Musca sorbens, and other fly species	Hind legs	658 bp of COI	Qiu et al. [101]
Cordyceps sinensis	Hepialidae caterpillars and fungal stromata	Treat asthma, bronchitis, erectile dysfunction, diabetes, cough, cold and jaundice	Cordyceps gunnii, Cordyceps gracilis, Cordyceps hawkesii, and other Cordyceps species	Stromata	146–493 bp of ITS	Xiang et al. [102]; Lam et al. [103]; Liu et al. [104]
Arthropoda: Arachnida
Mesobuthus martensii	Dried body, venom	Treat rheumatoid arthritis, stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, chronic pains and some cancers	Mesobuthus gibbosus, Mesobuthus eupeus	Tissues, concentrated granules	48–94 bp of COI, 83–350 bp of 12S rRNA, 142–460 bp of 16S rRNA	Jiang et al. [73]; Ortiz et al. [105]
Arthropoda: Malacostraca
Charybdis lucifera, Portunus pelagicus, Scylla serrata, and other crab species	Shell	Treat cancer, inflammatory bowel disease and chilblain		Muscles	650 bp of COI	Vartak et al. [106]; Mirzapur et al. [107]
Echinodermata: Holothuroidea
Holothurian species	Whole body	Treat joint pain, arthritis, tendonitis and sprain		Tube feet, arms, gonads	528 bp and 657 bp of COI	Uthicke et al. [108]; Ward et al. [109]
Annelida: Clitellata
Eisenia fetida	Dried body	Treat fever and convulsion		Tissues	581 bp of COI	Rombke et al. [110]
Mollusca: Bivalvia
Crassostrea rivularis, Crassostrea gigas	Shell	Treat impotence, insomnia, epilepsy, bone loss and ulcer	Hyotissa hyotis, Ostrea edulis, and other oyster species	Muscles	COI, 16S rDNA	Hsiao et al. [111]; Liu et al. [112]
Cnidaria: Anthozoa
Corallium rubrum	Skeleton	Treat arthritis and ulcer	Other coral species	Fragments	1597 bp of COI	Uda et al. [113]

in the Appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES); as endangered, critically endangered or extinct in the wild status in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species.