Phytoceuticals in Acute Pancreatitis: Targeting the Balance between Apoptosis and Necrosis

Table 1

Animal models of pancreatitis.

Chemical inducer	Characteristics	Pancreatitis type	References
Bile salts	Mechanical temporary blockage of bile duct, detergent effect of the bile salts, and hemorrhagic necrosis	Severe AP	[16]
Cerulein	Stimulation of pancreatic enzyme production, inhibition of zymogen granules exocytosis, NADPH oxidase activation, increased reactive oxygen species generation, NF-κB activation, cytokine expression, and acinar cells death	Mild AP; CP (repeated exposure)	[17–19]
L-arginine	Increased production of amylase, lipase, and trypsinogen, markedly swollen mitochondria, and degenerative changes of intracellular organelles and nuclei	Severe necrotizing AP; CP	[20, 21]
Alcohol +/− high fat diet	Stellate cell activation, fibrosis, and acinar cell mass shrinkage	Mild CP	[22–24]
Dibutyltin dichloride	Edema (24 h), mononuclear cells infiltration (day 7), bile duct epithelium necrosis, upregulation of transforming growth factor-β1, and fibrosis with increased collagen type I production	AP; CP	[25]
CCK	Increased plasma amylase, lipase, trypsin-like immunoreactivity, pancreatic parenchymal swelling, and interlobular and subcapsular fluid accumulation	AP	[26]

AP: acute pancreatitis, CCK: cholecystokinin, and CP: chronic pancreatitis.