Effects of 4-Week Intervention with Ulmus macrocarpa Hance Extract on Immune Function Biomarkers in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 2

NK cell activities and WBC counts over a 1-week study.

Variables	Group	Baseline	1 week	Difference	value
		Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
NK cell activity (pg/mL)	UME	783.1 ± 378.3	921.5 ± 535.5	138.4 ± 395.8	0.072
	Placebo	868.4 ± 514.1	977.4 ± 627.1	109.0 ± 309.6	0.068
	value			0.754
White blood cell (10^−3/μL)	UME	5.3 ± 1.2	5.4 ± 1.0	0.0 ± 1.1	0.892
	Placebo	5.9 ± 1.3	5.6 ± 1.2	−0.3 ± 1.2	0.276
	value			0.370

Values are expressed as means ± SDs. values were determined using the paired -test for comparison of difference from baseline and a repeated measure ANOVA for comparison of within-group changes. NK, natural killer; UME, Ulmus macrocarpa Hance extract.