Safety Assessment of the Auto Manipulation Device for Acupuncture in Sprague-Dawley Rats: Preclinical Evaluation of the Prototype

Figure 3

Once intervention (a) and repeated sessions (b) of AMDA effect on muscle tissue at acupoint ST36 in different needle frequency and retention time. The bar of proportional scale is 100 um. AMDA with higher frequency (20Hz) make clearly visible tissue tear (black arrowhead). Regardless of the needle frequency in repeated sessions, fibrotic change (yellow arrowhead) was noted. As the needle retention time was extended to 20 minutes, the fibroblast nuclei (yellow arrow) are also more slender and obvious. (a) Once intervention. ls, low frequency (2Hz) and short duration (10mins); ll, low frequency (2Hz) and long duration (20mins); hs, high frequency (2Hz) and short duration (10mins); hl, high frequency (2Hz) and long duration (20mins). (b) Repeated sessions. LS, low frequency (2Hz) and short duration (10mins); LL, low frequency (2Hz) and long duration (20mins); HS, high frequency (2Hz) and short duration (10mins); HL, high frequency (2Hz) and long duration (20mins).

(a)

(b)