Comparison between In Vitro Antiviral Effect of Mexican Propolis and Three Commercial Flavonoids against Canine Distemper Virus

Figure 2

The relative expression levels of the CDV-NP gene measured by Real-Time qPCR after the administration of the different treatments. Data are presented as time of gene expression for the untreated control, which in turn was established as 1.0 and standardized with the reference gene (β-actin). (a) Propolis, (b) quercetin, (c) pinocembrin, (d) naringenin, and (e) flavonoids mixture. (1) Cells infected with the virus without treatment, (2) cells treated for 2h, then removed, and infected with the virus, (3) cells infected and treated at the same time, and (4) cells infected for 2 h with the virus, where this was removed and the treatment was applied.

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