Tualang Honey Reduced Neuroinflammation and Caspase-3 Activity in Rat Brain after Kainic Acid-Induced Status Epilepticus

Table 1

IL-1β level in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem, and serum of control and kainic acid-induced groups at multiple time points.

	Subgroups	IL-1β level				Kruskal-Wallis H test/ANOVA test
		(n = 6 per group for each time point)
		CONTROL	KA	TH + KA	TPM + KA	p value
Cerebral Cortex; Median (IqR); (ng/g wet tissue)	2 h	4.16 (0.31)	5.98 (0.26)	5.19 (0.83)	5.41 (0.82)	<0.001
	24 h	3.98 (0.35)	10.31 (0.62)	7.20 (0.68)	6.81 (0.63)	<0.001
	48 h	4.24 (0.14)	8.61 (0.52)	6.43 (1.00)	6.46 (0.43)	<0.001
Cerebellum; Median (IqR); (ng/g wet tissue)	2 h	6.26 (0.64)	10.06 (0.80)	8.56 (2.41)	8.62 (1.10)	0.001
	24 h	6.44 (0.95)	13.82 (1.15)	10.55 (0.63)	11.20 (0.78)	<0.001
	48 h	6.38 (0.62)	12.25 (0.64)	9.94 (0.68)	10.71 (1.07)	<0.001
Brainstem; Median (IqR); (ng/g wet tissue)	2 h	5.07 (0.73)	8.71 (1.92)	8.03 (2.10)	7.80 (1.94)	0.002
	24 h	4.94 (0.75)	10.20 (1.32)	7.53 (0.60)	7.12 (0.94)	<0.001
	48 h	5.07 (0.37)	8.35 (0.51)	6.70 (0.87)	6.89 (0.52)	<0.001
Serum; Mean ± SEM; (pg/mL)	2 h	12.92 ± 1.19	28.75 ± 3.08	20.83 ± 1.79	21.25 ± 1.07	<0.001
	24 h	14.58 ± 1.98	47.50 ± 3.54	35.00 ± 5.00	38.25 ± 6.37	<0.001
	48 h	11.25 ± 1.91	31.25 ± 2.48	18.33 ± 1.05	19.58 ± 2.77	<0.001

For the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and brainstem, descriptive data are presented as the median (IqR) (n = 6 rats per group for each time point) and the significant difference was determined by nonparametric test, Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Mann–Whitney U (MW) post hoc test with p<0.05 indicating significant difference. < 0.05 versus control group (MW); < 0.05 versus KA group (MW). For the serum, descriptive data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 6 rats per group for each time point) and the significant difference was determined by parametric test, ANOVA test, followed by Tukey post hoc test with p<0.05 indicating significant difference. < 0.05 versus control group; < 0.05 versus KA group. ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; IqR; interquartile range; KA, kainic acid; TH, tualang honey; TPM, topiramate; SEM, the standard error of the mean.