Pharmacological Effect of Quercetin in Hypertension and Its Potential Application in Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension: Review of In Vitro, In Vivo, and Clinical Studies

Figure 2

Examples of in vitro molecular action of quercetin (Q) in cited cellular experiments. Red arrows indicate the directions of interaction of intracellular proteins during signal transduction. Arrows marked in gray represent the direction of signaling in the cell or secretion beyond its expiration. The symbol of the swash in the wheel (red color) describes action of quercetin: prevention, inhibition, decrease, reduction, or downregulation of level (expression) or activity. Abbreviations: GPCR: G protein-coupled receptor; PLC: phospholipase C; PKC: protein kinase C; IKK: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta; NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB; RAS, RAF, MEK, MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase), ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway: Ras protein family members of small GTPases, involved in transmitting signals within cells (cellular signal transduction); Fos: protooncogenic transcription factor of the bZIP family, protooncogene; JUNKs (JNKs): c-Jun N-terminal kinases; Jun: one of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β: inflammatory interleukins; COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2; iNOS: inducible NO synthase.