Effects of Mantra Meditation versus Music Listening on Knee Pain, Function, and Related Outcomes in Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: An Exploratory Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)

Table 1

Participant baseline characteristics: pilot RCT of an 8-week mantra meditation (MM) and an 8-week music listening (ML) program in 22 adults with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee.

	Overall (N=22)		MM (N=11)		ML (N=11)		P
	N		N		N
Demographic characteristics
Age (range 50-74 years)							1.00
50-59 years	14	63.64%	7	63.64%	7	63.64%
60+ years	8	36.36%	4	36.36%	4	36.36%
Mean±SE	58.46±1.37		58.09±1.60		58.82±2.23		0.73
Gender							0.22
Female	15	68.18%	9	81.82%	6	54.55%
Male	7	31.82%	2	18.18%	5	45.45%
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	18	81.82%	9	81.82%	9	81.82%	1.00
Minority	4	18.18%	2	18.18%	2	18.18%
Education							0.37
12 years or less	2	9.09%	1	9.09%	1	9.09%
Some post-high school education	8	36.36%	6	54.55%	2	18.18%
4 years of college or more	12	54.55%	4	36.36%	8	72.73%
Mean±SE in years	15.46±0.42		15.09±0.64		15.82±0.57		0.41
Employment status							0.72
Employed full time	15	68.18%	8	72.73%	7	63.64%
Other	7	31.82%	3	27.27%	4	36.36%
Marital status							0.54
Married/co-habiting	16	72.73%	7	63.64%	9	81.82%
Divorced/Widowed	6	27.27%	4	36.36%	2	18.18%
Lifestyle and health-related factors
Smoking status							1.00
Never smoked	18	81.82%	9	81.82%	9	81.82%
Ever smoker	4	18.18%	2	18.18%	2	18.18%
Caffeinated beverage consumption							0.39
0-16 oz/d	14	63.64%	8	72.73%	6	54.55%
17+ oz/day	8	36.36%	3	27.27%	5	45.45%
Mean oz consumed/day±SE	14.52±2.46		13.82±3.67		15.22±3.46		0.78
Physical activity							0.04
None	9	40.91%	7	63.64%	2	18.18%
10-149 min/week	6	27.27%	3	27.27%	3	27.27%
150+ min/week	7	31.82%	1	9.09%	6	54.55%
Mean minutes/week±SE	148.64.64±50.74		129.09±96.57		168.18±37.53		0.71
Mean times/week±SE	3.07±0.63		2.00±0.88		4.14±0.81		0.09
Body mass index (BMI): Mean±SE	34.02±1.45		37.03±1.91		31.01±1.82		0.03
Obese	15	68.18%	9	81.82%	6	54.55%	0.17
History of diagnosed:
Diabetes	1	4.55%	0	0.00%	1	9.09%	0.72
Hypertension	15	68.18%	8	72.73%	7	63.64%	0.65
High cholesterol	7	31.82%	4	36.36%	3	27.27%	0.65
Depression	6	27.27%	4	36.36%	2	18.18%	0.34
Anxiety disorder	4	18.18%	2	18.18%	2	18.18%	1.00
Number of comorbid conditions							0.66
None	4	18.18%	2	18.18%	2	18.18%
One	8	36.36%	3	27.27%	5	45.45%
Two or more	10	45.45%	6	54.55%	4	36.36%
Medications
Analgesic Medications	15	68.18%	10	90.91%	5	45.45%	0.03
Opioids/Muscle relaxants	7	31.82%	3	27.27%	4	36.36%	0.45
NSAIDS	13	59.09%	9	81.82%	4	36.36%	0.03
Anti-depressant/anti-anxiety medications	8	36.36%	5	45.45%	3	27.27%	0.38
Anti-hypertensive medications	15	68.18%	8	72.73%	7	63.64%	0.65
Statins, other lipid-lowering medications	7	31.82%	3	27.27%	4	36.36%	0.65
Other	12	54.55%	6	54.55%	6	54.55%	0.72
Total medications							0.23
None	3	13.64%	0	0.00%	3	27.27%
1-2	6	27.27%	3	27.27%	3	27.27%
Three or more	13	59.09%	8	72.73%	5	45.45%

medications for gastrointestinal reflux, diabetes, thyroid disorders, and osteoporosis.