Effects of Mantra Meditation versus Music Listening on Knee Pain, Function, and Related Outcomes in Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: An Exploratory Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)
Table 1
Participant baseline characteristics: pilot RCT of an 8-week mantra meditation (MM) and an 8-week music listening (ML) program in 22 adults with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee.
Overall (N=22)
MM (N=11)
ML (N=11)
P
N
N
N
Demographic characteristics
Age (range 50-74 years)
1.00
50-59 years
14
63.64%
7
63.64%
7
63.64%
60+ years
8
36.36%
4
36.36%
4
36.36%
Mean±SE
58.46±1.37
58.09±1.60
58.82±2.23
0.73
Gender
0.22
Female
15
68.18%
9
81.82%
6
54.55%
Male
7
31.82%
2
18.18%
5
45.45%
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White
18
81.82%
9
81.82%
9
81.82%
1.00
Minority
4
18.18%
2
18.18%
2
18.18%
Education
0.37
12 years or less
2
9.09%
1
9.09%
1
9.09%
Some post-high school education
8
36.36%
6
54.55%
2
18.18%
4 years of college or more
12
54.55%
4
36.36%
8
72.73%
Mean±SE in years
15.46±0.42
15.09±0.64
15.82±0.57
0.41
Employment status
0.72
Employed full time
15
68.18%
8
72.73%
7
63.64%
Other
7
31.82%
3
27.27%
4
36.36%
Marital status
0.54
Married/co-habiting
16
72.73%
7
63.64%
9
81.82%
Divorced/Widowed
6
27.27%
4
36.36%
2
18.18%
Lifestyle and health-related factors
Smoking status
1.00
Never smoked
18
81.82%
9
81.82%
9
81.82%
Ever smoker
4
18.18%
2
18.18%
2
18.18%
Caffeinated beverage consumption
0.39
0-16 oz/d
14
63.64%
8
72.73%
6
54.55%
17+ oz/day
8
36.36%
3
27.27%
5
45.45%
Mean oz consumed/day±SE
14.52±2.46
13.82±3.67
15.22±3.46
0.78
Physical activity
0.04
None
9
40.91%
7
63.64%
2
18.18%
10-149 min/week
6
27.27%
3
27.27%
3
27.27%
150+ min/week
7
31.82%
1
9.09%
6
54.55%
Mean minutes/week±SE
148.64.64±50.74
129.09±96.57
168.18±37.53
0.71
Mean times/week±SE
3.07±0.63
2.00±0.88
4.14±0.81
0.09
Body mass index (BMI): Mean±SE
34.02±1.45
37.03±1.91
31.01±1.82
0.03
Obese
15
68.18%
9
81.82%
6
54.55%
0.17
History of diagnosed:
Diabetes
1
4.55%
0
0.00%
1
9.09%
0.72
Hypertension
15
68.18%
8
72.73%
7
63.64%
0.65
High cholesterol
7
31.82%
4
36.36%
3
27.27%
0.65
Depression
6
27.27%
4
36.36%
2
18.18%
0.34
Anxiety disorder
4
18.18%
2
18.18%
2
18.18%
1.00
Number of comorbid conditions
0.66
None
4
18.18%
2
18.18%
2
18.18%
One
8
36.36%
3
27.27%
5
45.45%
Two or more
10
45.45%
6
54.55%
4
36.36%
Medications
Analgesic Medications
15
68.18%
10
90.91%
5
45.45%
0.03
Opioids/Muscle relaxants
7
31.82%
3
27.27%
4
36.36%
0.45
NSAIDS
13
59.09%
9
81.82%
4
36.36%
0.03
Anti-depressant/anti-anxiety medications
8
36.36%
5
45.45%
3
27.27%
0.38
Anti-hypertensive medications
15
68.18%
8
72.73%
7
63.64%
0.65
Statins, other lipid-lowering medications
7
31.82%
3
27.27%
4
36.36%
0.65
Other
12
54.55%
6
54.55%
6
54.55%
0.72
Total medications
0.23
None
3
13.64%
0
0.00%
3
27.27%
1-2
6
27.27%
3
27.27%
3
27.27%
Three or more
13
59.09%
8
72.73%
5
45.45%
medications for gastrointestinal reflux, diabetes, thyroid disorders, and osteoporosis.