Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen Leaf Water Extract Induces Apoptosis in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HepG2) Cells via ERK1/2/Akt1/JNK1 Signaling Pathways

Figure 5

The percentage of viable, apoptotic, and necrotic cells of (a) untreated cells and Manilkara zapota leaf water extract and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) treated HepG2 cells for (b) 24 h, (c) 48 h, and (d) 72 h measured using the Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining assay. Values are reported as mean ± SD (n = 3). Value with different superscript letter indicates significant difference between groups by Tukey’s test (P < 0.05). (b) There was no significant difference in early apoptotic cells between control and 48 μg/mL and 96 μg/mL of Manilkara zapota leaf water extract (P > 0.05). The percentage of late apoptotic and necrotic cells after treatment with 96 μg/mL (2.77%) of Manilkara zapota leaf water extract was significantly increased as compared to the control (1.31%) (P < 0.05). (c) Treatment with Manilkara zapota leaf water extract for 24 and 96 μg/mL at 48 h significantly increased the percentage of early apoptotic cells as compared to the control (P < 0.05). The percentage of late apoptotic and necrosis cells also significantly elevated at 48 h, with a maximum effect observed at 24 and 48 μg/mL as compared to the control (P < 0.05). (d) Treatment with Manilkara zapota leaf water extract for 72 h significantly increased the percentage of early apoptotic cells at 24, 48, and 96 μg/mL (P < 0.05). The percentages of late apoptotic and necrosis cells were significantly increased after treatment with Manilkara zapota leaf water extract for 72 h (P < 0.05), with a maximum effect observed at 48 μg/mL.

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