The Effects of Qigong on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Characteristics and quality assessments of the included trials.

First author, year	Patients (total, E/C)	age (mean (SD), E/C)	Experimental intervention	Control	Duration, sessions with supervision per week, time per session	Modified Jaded score
Pan, 2008	48, 24/24	45 (9)/47 (7)	Qigong	N	24 weeks, NR, 45 min	3
Li, 2009	79, 49/39	57.8 (7.5)/56.5 (6.9)	Qigong	N	6 months, NR, 60 min	2
Sun, 2010	32, 11/10; 11	NR	Qigong	N; PRT	12 weeks, NR, 30 min	3
Huang, 2011	60, 30/30	NR	Qigong	N	6 months, NR, 60 min	2
Lin, 2011	40, 20/20	NR	Qigong	N	2 months, 3, 60 min	3
Zhang, 2011	30, 15/15	NR	Qigong	N	6 months, 2, 60 min	4
Zhou, 2011	122, 61/61	67.4 (9.23)/68.13 (10.64)	Qigong	NR	3 months, 2, 30 min	4
Guan, 2012	79, 30/40	59.20 (8.80)/58.70 (8.30)	Qigong	N	4 months, 1, 60 min	4
Ji, 2012	62, 32/30	60.31 (7.23)/60.26 (7.15)	Qigong	N	2 months, NR, 45 min	3
Liu, 2012	69, 33/36	62.64 (5.98)/65.64 (8.38)	Qigong	N	12 weeks, 1, 40 min	4
Yang, 2012	59, 29/30	NR	Qigong	N	6 months, 2, 60 min	4
Cheng, 2013	40, 20/20	65.55 (6.23)/61.90 (7.07)	Qigong	N	12 months, 3, 60 min	3
Li, 2013	142, 50/44; 48	50.42 (9.68)/52.69 (8.37); 51.62 (7.83)	Qigong	N; jogging or walking	3 months, NR, 30 min	3
Lin, 2013	39, 19/19	64.5 (11.5)/60.8 (12.2)	Qigong	N	6 months, NR, 90 min	2
Liu, 2014	40, 20/20	57 (7)/55 (9)	Qigong	N	6 months, NR, 30 min	2
Zhou, 2014	25, 13/12	NR	Qigong	N	3 months, 1, 30 min	3
Peng, 2015	141, 71/70	NR	Qigong	N	6 months, 1, 30 min	4
Wang, 2015	60, 30/30	61.7 (6.9)/61.3 (8.4)	Qigong	N	3 months, 1, NR	3
Wu, 2015	60, 20/20; 20	63.9 (7.6)/65.3 (6.0); 64.8 (5.8)	Qigong	N; walking	6 weeks, NR, 20 min	2
Zhang, 2015	85, 32/18; 35	57.0 (2.4)/58.2 (1.0); 55.4 (1.7)	Qigong	N; jogging or walking	100 days, NR, 30 min	3
Hou, 2016	62, 31/31	58.82 (6.78)/58.93 (6.47)	Qigong	NR	6 months, 5, 30 min	3

E, experimental group; C, control group; N, no exercise; NR, not reported; min, minute; PRT, progressive resistance training.