A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau

Table 4

Total flavonoid content (TFC) of C. nutans.

Extract	Plant part	Pre- or post- harvesting method	Plant origin	Results of TFC	Extract with highest TFC	Extract with lowest TFC	Reference
Hot water	-	Oven dry; Heating at 90°C	Malaysia	2.07 ± 0.05 mg QE/g dry material	-	-	[37]
Hot water	Leaf	Unfermented and fermented; Microwave-oven dry, freeze dry; hot boiling water (100°C); Infusion for 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min	Sabah Malaysia	14.57 ± 0.42 to 22.13 ± 1.53 mg CE/L	Fermented leaf-microwave-oven dry-10 min infusion	Unfermented leaf-microwave oven dry-1 min infusion	[36]
Hot distilled water, cold distilled water, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane	Leaf	Orbital shaker	Seremban Malaysia	7.09 ± 2.98 to 14.66 ± 1.71 mg QE/g of dry extract	Cold distilled water	Ethanol extract	[18]
100% Methanol	Leaf	Maceration	Seremban Malaysia	0.04 ± 0.001 mg QE/g extract	-	-	[6]
100% Methanol	Leaf	Air dry; Maceration	Seremban Malaysia	0.21 ± 0.005 mg QE/g extract	-	-	[24]
Methanol	Leaf	Air dry; orbital shaker	Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam	2.96 ± 0.03 to 58.38 ± 0.19 mg QE/g of dry extract	Chiang Dao, Thailand	Map Khae, Thailand	[18]
Methanol	Leaf	Oven dry 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 100°C; orbital shaker	Seremban Malaysia	14.02 ± 1.68 to 27.72 ± 0.14 mg QE/g of dry extract	Oven dry at 80°C	Oven dry at 40°C	[18]
Methanol	Leaf, bud	1, 6 and 12 months old; Freeze dry; Shaking	Serdang Malaysia	3.27 ± 0.33 to 6.32 ± 0.74 mg QE/g dry weight	6-month-old buds	1-month-old buds	[41]
Polar (methanol and dichloromethane), non-polar (hexane and diethyl ether)	Leaf, stem	Soaking	Pahang Malaysia	3.27 ± 1.10 to 16.09 ± 4.20 mg QE/g DM	Polar leaf	Non-polar stem	[62]
Methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane fraction	-	Sonication	Malaysia	428.67 ± 0.03 to 937.67 ± 0.02 mg BHTE/g	Chloroform fraction	Methanol fraction	[35]
100%, 86%, 65%, 50%, 44% Ethanol	Aerial	Oven dry; MAE, p-MAE, SFE, Soxhlet extraction	KL Malaysia	2.71 ± 0.47 to 5.88 ± 0.22 mg QE/g of dried material	SFE	p-MAE at 86% ethanol	[30]
80% Ethanol	Leaf, stem	Young and mature; Stored for 1, 2, 3, and 4 days	Malaysia	Maturity; 45.56 to 99.47 mg RE/100 g fresh sample; Storage duration; 41.48 to 116.36 mg RE/100 g fresh sample	Maturity; young leaf; Storage; 1 day storage	Maturity; matured stem; Storage; 4 days storage	[38]
-	Stem	Air dry; CO2-Soxhlet, maceration	Seremban Malaysia	CO2-Soxhlet: 43.81 mg RE/g dried material; Maceration: 16.83 mg RE/g dried material	CO2-Soxhlet	Maceration	[28]