Moroccan Propolis: A Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm against Staphylococcus aureus with No Induction of Resistance after Continuous Exposure
Table 1
Phenols, flavones, and dihydroflavonols contents of hydro-alcoholic extracts of Moroccan propolis harvested at different places (adapted from [45]).
Sample
Region
City
Surrounding plants
Phenols (mg Eq Ferulic Acid / g de propolis)
Flavones (mg Eq Quercetin / g de propolis)
Dihydroflavonols (mg Eq Eriodictyol / g de propolis)
1
Fez-Boulemane
Sefrou
Olea, Pinus, Quercus, Juniperus, Rosmarinus, Cistus, Lavandula and Pistacia.
Olea, Pinus, Quercus, Juniperus, Rosmarinus, Cistus, Lavandula and Pistacia
265.37±0.4
129.60±0.3
6.67±0.0
18
Grand-Casablanca
Casablanca
Thymus -euphorbia – Citrus
24.04±0.4
4.09±0.3
1.74±0.0
19
Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer
Tifelt
Ricinus- chardon- Vaccinium -eucalyptus - Marrubium and Mentha
14.30±0.4
2.05±0.3
2.21±0.0
20
Fez -Boulmane
Sefrou
Biplorum and Thymus
72.33±0.4
18.12±0.3
3.26±0.0
21
Guelmim-Es Semara
Tantan
Arganier, Acacia, and Euphorbia
7.83±0.4
0.61±0.3
2.29±0.0
22
Fez -Boulmane
Moulay Acoub
Olea, Pinus, Quercus, Juniperus, Rosmarinus, Cistus, Lavandula and Pistacia
56.75±0.4
12.66±0.3
4.14±0.0
23
Marketed in Morocco
Marketed in Morocco
Marketed in Morocco
264.80±0.4
80.97±0.3
15.95±0.0
24
Souss-Massa-Draa
Tiznit
Citrus, Arganier, Acacia, and Euphorbia
7.06±0.4
1.17±0.3
1.74±0.0
Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p <0.05) by Tukey’s multiple range test. The beehives were displaced between the regions reported above, according to the information of the beekeeper.