Moroccan Propolis: A Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm against Staphylococcus aureus with No Induction of Resistance after Continuous Exposure

Table 1

Phenols, flavones, and dihydroflavonols contents of hydro-alcoholic extracts of Moroccan propolis harvested at different places (adapted from [45]).

Sample	Region	City	Surrounding plants	Phenols (mg Eq Ferulic Acid / g de propolis)	Flavones (mg Eq Quercetin / g de propolis)	Dihydroflavonols (mg Eq Eriodictyol / g de propolis)
1	Fez-Boulemane	Sefrou	Olea, Pinus, Quercus, Juniperus, Rosmarinus, Cistus, Lavandula and Pistacia.	205.82±0.4	53.50±0.3	7.69±0.0
2	Gharb-Chrarda-Beni-Hsen	Moulay.Bouselhame	Vaccinium	16.92±0.4	2.90±0.3	1.41±0.0
3	Gharb-Ghrada-Beni-Hsen	Sidi Slimane	Citrus,Zizifus, Silybum, and Ceratonia	33.01±0.4	10.57±0.3	2.75±0.0
		Khenichat
	Meknes-Tafilalet	Khenifra
	Tadla-Azilal	Beni mellal
4	Meknes-Tafilalet	Khenifra	Seratonia	13.07±0.4	2.63±0.3	1.48±0.0
5	Meknes-Tafilalet	Khenifra	Seratonia	21.95±0.4	4.29±0.3	2.08±0.0
6	Doukkala-Abda	Oualidia	Eucalyptus	14.85±0.4	3.21±0.3	1.80±0.0
7	Souss-Massa-Draa	Zagora	Thymus, Euphorbia and citrus	7.80±0.4	0.85±0.3	0.92±0.0
8	Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer	Rabat	Eucalyptus, Quercus and Juniperus	57.62±0.4	12.05±0.3	2.51±0.0
9	Gharb-Ghrada-Beni-Hsen	Moulay.Bouselham	Vaccinium	13.30±0.4	1.72±0.3	1.71±0.0
10	Marketed in Morocco	Marketed in Morocco	Marketed in Morocco	144.07±0.4	23.44±0.3	5.03±0.0
11	Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate	Taza	Olea, Pinus, Quercus, Juniperus, Rosmarinus, Cistus, Lavandula and Pistacia	20.97±0.4	2.01±0.36klm	1.80±0.0
12	Unknown	Unknown	Unknown	9.53±0.4	0.16±0.3	1.13±0.0
13	Gharb-Chrada-Beni-Hsen	Zeggouta	Olea, Ceratonia, Chamaerops, Euphorbia, Juniperus, Quercus, Pinus, Pistacia, Thuya, and Eucalyptus	39.20±0.4	5.59±0.3	2.14±0.0
14	Gharb-Chrada-Beni-Hsen	Sidi Slimane	Eucalyptus	63.33±0.4	12.26±0.3	4.17±0.0
15	Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer	Temara	Olea, Ceratonia, Chamaerops, Euphorbia, Juniperus, Quercus, Pinus, Pistacia, Thuya, and Eucalyptus	57.86±0.4	9.93±0.3	5.27±0.0
16	Gharb-Chrada-Beni-Hsen	Kenitra	Olea, Ceratonia, Chamaerops, Euphorbia, Juniperus, Quercus, Pinus, Pistacia, Thuya, and Eucalyptus	53.61±0.4	8.92±0.3	4.26±0.0
17	Fez Boulemane	Outat el Haj	Olea, Pinus, Quercus, Juniperus, Rosmarinus, Cistus, Lavandula and Pistacia	265.37±0.4	129.60±0.3	6.67±0.0
18	Grand-Casablanca	Casablanca	Thymus -euphorbia – Citrus	24.04±0.4	4.09±0.3	1.74±0.0
19	Rabat-Sale-Zemmour-Zaer	Tifelt	Ricinus- chardon- Vaccinium -eucalyptus - Marrubium and Mentha	14.30±0.4	2.05±0.3	2.21±0.0
20	Fez -Boulmane	Sefrou	Biplorum and Thymus	72.33±0.4	18.12±0.3	3.26±0.0
21	Guelmim-Es Semara	Tantan	Arganier, Acacia, and Euphorbia	7.83±0.4	0.61±0.3	2.29±0.0
22	Fez -Boulmane	Moulay Acoub	Olea, Pinus, Quercus, Juniperus, Rosmarinus, Cistus, Lavandula and Pistacia	56.75±0.4	12.66±0.3	4.14±0.0
23	Marketed in Morocco	Marketed in Morocco	Marketed in Morocco	264.80±0.4	80.97±0.3	15.95±0.0
24	Souss-Massa-Draa	Tiznit	Citrus, Arganier, Acacia, and Euphorbia	7.06±0.4	1.17±0.3	1.74±0.0

Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p <0.05) by Tukey’s multiple range test. The beehives were displaced between the regions reported above, according to the information of the beekeeper.