Moroccan Propolis: A Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm against Staphylococcus aureus with No Induction of Resistance after Continuous Exposure

Table 2

Antioxidant activity of hydro-alcoholic extracts of Moroccan propolis harvested at different places, measured through distinct methods, and expressed in IC₅₀ (mg/mL), and Trolox equivalent (TE) for ORAC assay and mgequivalent ascorbic acid/g sample (mg Eq A.Asc/g) (mean ± standard error).

	DPPH (mg/mL)	ABTS (mg/mL)	Molybdate (mg Eq A.Asc/g)	NO (mg/mL)	Chelating (mg/mL)	Superoxide (mg/mL)	H2O2 (mg/mL)	ORAC (mol TE/g)
1	0.022±0.044^a	0.014±0.123^a	48.92±0.0	0.310±0.19	2.429±0.29	0.810 ±0.23	0.086±0.02	1357.150±33.79
2	0.605±0.044^fg	0.310±0.123^ab	29.57±0.	5.194±0.19	1.157±0.29	3.413 ±0.23	ND	681.336±33.79
3	0.772±0.044^g	0.215±0.123^ab	32.57±0.0	2.360±0.19	1.151±0.29	5.359 ±0.23	0.373±0.02	821.727±33.79
4	0.400±0.044^de	0.182±0.123^ab	24.69±0.0	5.230±0.19	1.583±0.29	5.466 ±0.23	0.778±0.02	691.713±33.79
5	0.541±0.044^ef	0.189±0.123^ab	28.16±0.0	3.758±0.19	1.865±0.29	4.807 ±0.23	0.608±0.02	720.261±33.79
6	0.343±0.044^d	0.388±0.123^ab	16.73±0.0	3.615±0.19	2.288±0.29	ND	0.479±0.02	698.592±33.79
7	1.935 ±0.044^i	2.085±0.123^d	9.40±0.0	15.072±0.19	1.325±0.29	ND	ND	652.953±33.79
8	0.356±0.044^d	0.321±0.123^ab	20.48±0.0	1.269±0.19	2.879±0.29	1.139 ±0.23	ND	801.962±33.79
9	0.290±0.044^d	0.144±0.123^ab	33.57±0.0	3.056±0.19	1.563±0.29	1.684 ±0.23	0.436±0.02	848.374±33.79
10	0.024±0.044^a	0.014±0.123^a	39.39±0.0	0.372±0.19	0.606±0.29	0.253 ±0.23	0.168±0.02	1072.133±33.79
11	0.386±0.044^de	0.260±0.123^ab	26.22±0.0	3.429±0.19	1.204±0.29	1.919±0.23	0.928±0.02	954.108±33.79
12	1.160±0.044^h	0.595±0.123^b	21.34±0.0	12.087±0.19	1.074±0.29	ND	ND	707.142±33.79
13	0.237±0.044^bcd	0.058±0.123^a	33.64±0.0	2.425±0.19	0.251±0.29	0.723 ±0.23	0.463±0.02	875.555±33.79
14	0.101±0.044^abc	0.057±0.123^a	35.01±0.0	0.795±0.19	2.790±0.29	0.506 ±0.23	0.214±0.02	881.777±33.79
15	0.107±0.044^abc	0.017±0.123^a	33.54±0.0	1.344±0.19	0.716±0.29	0.571 ±0.23	0.124±0.02	926.763±33.79
16	0.101±0.044^abc	0.044±0.123^a	35.32±0.0	0.822±0.19	1.548±0.29	0.459 ±0.23	0.254±0.02	918.095±33.79
17	0.013±0.044^a	0.009±0.123^a	37.80±0.0	0.025±0.19	6.037±0.29	0.323 ±0.23	ND	1723.289±33.79
18	0.687±0.044^fg	0.557±0.123^b	20.73±0.0	2.985±0.19	0.441±0.29	5.863 ±0.23	1.856±0.02	750.594±33.79
19	0.638±0.044^fg	0.279±0.123^ab	40.20±0.0	6.162±0.19	0.963±0.29	2.497 ±0.23	0.473±0.02	736.201±33.79
20	0.260±0.044^cd	0.259±0.123^ab	27.58±0.0	1.053±0.19	7.473±0.29	4.880 ±0.23	0.315±0.02	1005.958±33.79
21	3.110±0.044^j	2.768±0.123^e	40.89±0.0	13.788±0.19	3.054±0.29	ND	ND	630.392±33.79
22	0.077±0.044^ab	0.049±0.123^a	40.27±0.0	0.742±0.19	10.495±0.29	1.137 ±0.23	0.290±0.021	851.107±33.79
23	0.007±0.044^a	0.002±0.123^a	39.71±0.0	0.194±0.19	5.464±0.29	0.213 ±0.23	0.048±0.02	1616.654±33.79
24	1.793±0.044^i	1.265±0.123^c	23.43±0.0	12.290±0.19	0.881±0.29	ND	ND	647.116±33.79

Values in the same column followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p<0.05) by Tukey’s multiple range test. ND: not detected at the concentrations tested.