Moroccan Propolis: A Natural Antioxidant, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm against Staphylococcus aureus with No Induction of Resistance after Continuous Exposure

Table 4

Susceptibility of S. aureus strains to propolis extracts using disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of propolis extracts.

Strains	Origin	Source	0.73 mg/mL	0.98 mg/mL	Chloramphenicol	Ethanol	MIC (mg/mL)	MBC (mg/mL)
Sample 1
S. aureus ATCC 6538	Wound	American Type Culture Collection	22.33±0.57	27.00±1.52	26.00±2.51	--	0.36	0.98
MRSA2	Clinical	UAlg, CBMR. Portugal	19.67±1.15	25.67±0.57	19.00±0.57	--	0.36	1.22
MRSA15	Clinical	UAlg, CBMR, Portugal	26.67±1.51	31.67±1.73	24.33±0.01	--	0.36	1.22
MRSA16	Clinical	UAlg, CBMR, Portugal	25.67±0.05	32.33±1.51	24.67±2.29	--	0.36	1.22
Sample 7
S. aureus ATCC 6538	Wound	American Type Culture Collection	12.33±2.30	14.33±0.57	25.00±3.08	--	ND	ND
MRSA2	Clinical	UAlg, CBMR. Portugal	14.00±4.35	16.33±4.93	22.67±2.04	--	ND	ND
MRSA15	Clinical	UAlg, CBMR, Portugal	15.00±1.01	16.00±1.01	25.67±1.52	--	ND	ND
MRSA16	Clinical	UAlg, CBMR, Portugal	15.67±0.57	17.67±2.88	21.33±1.52	--	ND	ND

--: no effect; ND: not determined.