Acmella oleracea (L) R. K. Jansen Reproductive Toxicity in Zebrafish: An In Vivo and In Silico Assessment

Table 1

Teratogenic and lethal effects observed in zebrafish embryos throughout the development period.

Developmental toxicity		24 hpf	48 hpf	72 hpf	96 hpf
Lethal effects	Coagulated eggs
	No heartbeat
Teratogenic effects	Tail malformation
	Scoliosis
	Yolk edema
	Growth retardation
	Cardiac edema		+	+	+

Coagulated eggs are milky white and look dark when seen under optical microscopy.
No record of heart beats for one minute.
Tail malformation occurred when an embryo had a curved, twisted, or hook-like tail.
Growth retardation was evaluated by comparing treated embryos with control ones (size, development stage). At 72 and 96 hpf, growth retardation was considered when embryo’s size was less than 2.9 and 3.3 mm, respectively.