|
| Outcomes | | Within acupuncture group
(baseline vs post-treatment) | vs. sham acupuncture group | vs. no treatment group |
|
| Behavioral | Human | Intake of analgesics ↓ [17, 19] | Analgesic effect ↑ [16, 18, 19] | |
| Animal | Pain score ↓ Pain threshold ↑ [45, 48] | Pain threshold ↑ [32] | Pain score/behavior ↓ [46, 59]
Pain threshold ↑ [29] |
| Abdominal withdrawal reflex ↓ [32, 41] | Abdominal withdrawal reflex ↓ [34, 38] | Abdominal withdrawal reflex ↓ [25–27, 33, 38, 39, 42] |
| Abdominal muscle activity ↓ [31, 56] | Abdominal muscle activity ↓ [10, 29, 34, 37] | Abdominal muscle activity ↓ [23, 25, 43] |
| | Writhing response ↓ [50] | Writhing response ↓ [22] |
|
| Metabolic | Human | | β-endorphin ↑ [20]
Adrenal hormones ↓ [19] | |
| Animal | | | β-endorphin ↑ [59]
Serotonin/5-HT 3 receptor ↓ [27] |
|
| Gut | Animal | | c-Fos ↓ [29] | Serotonin ↓ 5-HT4 receptor ↑ [27]
Serotonin transporter ↑ [26]
c-Fos ↓ p38 ↓ [59]
AchE ↓ Leu-enkephalin ↑ [46]
Substance P ↓ [46, 59]
CRH ↓ [38]
P2X3 ↓ [39] |
|
| Spinal cord | Animal | Neural activity in wide dynamic range neurons ↑ [44, 47]/ ↓ [44] | Serotonin and c-Fos in superficial dorsal horn ↓ [29] | Metabolic rate of glucose in thoracic dorsal horns ↓/lumbar dorsal horns ↑ [48]
Neural activity in wide dynamic range neurons ↓ [44]
Neural activity in spinal dorsal horn ↓ [24]
Action potential in dorsal root ganglion ↓ [10]
c-Fos in spinal dorsal horn ↓ [55]
P38 in spinal dorsal horn↓ [59]
NR2B in spinal dorsal horn, central canal region ↓ [42]
CRH ↓ [38]
P2X3 ↓ [39] |
|
| Brain/brain stem | Human | Perigenual cingulate/prefrontal cortex, temporal lobes, insula, somatosensory cortex ↑ [15] | Thalamus, insula ↑ [15] | |
| Animal | Neural activity in subnucleus reticularis dorsalis ↑ [36]
Discharge frequency of thalamus ↑ [40]
Activity of thalamus ↓ [54]
Pain inhibitory neurons ↑,
pain excitation neurons ↓ in ventral posterolateral nucleus (thalamus) [49]
Homovanillic acid in the fourth ventricle ↑ [57] | Neuronal response to colorectal distention in thalamus ↑ [28]
Serotonin and c-Fos in dorsal raphe nucleus ↓ [29] | Glucose metabolic rate in ventral periaqueductal gray, nucleus centralis superior ↓/ periaqueductal gray, gigantocellular reticular nucleus ↑ [48]
c-Fos, glial fibrillary acidic protein in medulla ↓ [46]
c-Fos in nucleus tractus solitarii ↓ [56]
in paratrigeminal nucleus ↑ [23]
NMDA receptor 1 in rostral ventromedial medulla ↓ [32]
CRH in hypothalamus ↓ [38]
P2X3 receptor in prefrontal and anterior cingulated cortex ↓ [39]
Homovanillic acid in the fourth ventricle ↑ [57]
β-endorphin in hypothalamus ↑ [22, 45]
Substance P in hypothalamus ↑ [45] |
|
