|
| Medicine | Active ingredient | Effect |
|
| Astragalus propinquus | Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) | Restoring impaired insulin signaling in insulin-resistant rats and improving insulin resistance [6] |
| APSI, APSII, APSIII Dextran | Increasing insulin sensitivity and lowering glucose [7, 8] |
|
| Pueraria | Puerarin | Lowering the serum TC level and inhibiting arteriosclerosis [9] |
| Flavone | Having significant hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects, and it may be beneficial to the prevention of atherosclerosis [10] |
|
| Rhizoma polygonati | The decoction | Lowering the TC, TG, β-lipoprotein, and blood cholesterol levels [11] |
| Polysaccharides | Inhibiting the oxidation of the liver lipid; regulating the expression level of the corresponding genes and proteins relating to the lipid metabolism [12] |
|
| Atractylodis Rhizoma | Polysaccharides | Having an antidiabetic effect, and the mechanism might be related to its antioxidant activity [13] |
| Atractylenoide | Inhibiting the proliferation and capillary formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and preventing the occurrence of diabetic retinal complications [14] |
|
| Salvia miltiorrhiza | The injection | Reducing TLR4 protein expression in NRK-52E cells to improve DM [15] |
| Magnesium lithospermate B | Anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and antiatherosclerosis [16] |
| Caffeic acid | Antioxidation, lowering blood pressure, and preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases [17] |
| Tanshinone IIA sodium sulfonate | Enhancing the total antioxidant capacity and exerting protective effects on the myocardium of DM rats [18] |
| Salvianolic acids | Regulating the damage of gene expression in brain tissue of DM rats [19], upregulating PPAR-α expression, and improving insulin resistance [20] |
|
| Radix Scrophulariae | Polysaccharides | Improving the metabolisms of sugar and fat, enhancing the antioxidant activity and increasing insulin, and reducing blood glucose level [21] |
|
| Rhizoma Dioscoreae | Polysaccharides | Having a protective effect on renal function in DM mice, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of high glucose-activated AR/P38MAPK/CREB signaling pathway [22] |
| Polyphenols and saponins | Lowering blood glucose level [23] |
|
| Mulberry leaves | Flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides extracts | Upregulating 4-hydroxydihydrosphingosine, which regulates lipid metabolism [24] |
| 1-Deoxynojirimycin | Promoting the proliferation of islet β-cells [25] and regulating blood glucose level |
|
| Polygonatum odoratum | Polysaccharides | Inhibiting the expression of P-JNK and p65nf-kappa B protein, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, and increasing insulin secretion, thereby lowering blood glucose level [26] |
| Total saponins | Reducing blood glucose by inhibiting the activity of α-glucosidase [27] |
|
| Bombyx batryticatus | The decoction | Treating DM by increasing glucose utilization in the body [28] |
|
