Auricular Electrical Stimulation Alleviates Headache through CGRP/COX-2/TRPV1/TRPA1 Signaling Pathways in a Nitroglycerin-Induced Migraine Rat Model

Figure 4

Effects of auricular electrical stimulation (ES) pretreatment on calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), and (TRPV1), and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1 (TRPA1) immunoreactive cells in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) in the nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced migraine rat model: (a) CGRP, COX-2, TRPV1, and TRPA1 immunoreactive cells in the TG (green rectangle); (b) CGRP, COX-2, TRPV1, and TRPA1 immunoreactive cells (arrow head); (c) number of CGRP, COX-2, TRPV1, and TRPA1 immunoreactive cells. Control: control group; NTG: NTG group; ES: ES group; sham: sham group. Data are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. 200x: magnification of 200x; scale bar = 60 μm; , , vs control group; , , vs NTG group.

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