Warm Steam Inhalation before Bedtime Improved Sleep Quality in Adult Men

Table 1

Subjective changes during sham and steam-inhalation conditions.

	Sham	Steam inhalation
Δ apprehension	0.0 ± 7.2	–5.7 ± 7.3	0.026
Δ uneasiness	–1.4 ± 8.2	–2.3 ± 6.9	0.507
Δ tension	–2.4 ± 11.9	–3.7 ± 8.7	0.981
Δ nervousness	–3.5 ± 13.1	–6.3 ± 12.0	0.407
Δ stress	–3.7 ± 11.3	–3.5 ± 12.0	0.408
Δ difficulty waking up	–2.3 ± 11.3	–3.1 ± 6.7	0.756
Δ fatigue	–5.2 ± 8.8	–5.5 ± 9.6	0.740

Values are expressed as means ± standard deviations. Comparisons are relative to the sham condition (Wilcoxon signed-rank test).