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Herbs/Herbal extracts | Models | Changes of the gut microbiota and their metabolites | Core mechanisms | Ref. |
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Folium Mori | SD rats | Increased: the phyla Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and class Clostridia | Improve NEFA metabolism | [19] |
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Dendrobium candidum | KM mice | Increased: the abundance and diversity of gut microbiota | Attenuate oxidative stress | [21] |
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Rhizoma Dioscoreae | human | Increased: Bifidobacterium | N/A | [22] |
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Berberine | Wistar/SD rats | Increased: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus Decreased: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus | Protect intestinal barrier; suppress inflammatory response; promote GLP-2 secretion | [24–26] |
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Rhein | db/db mice | Increased: Bacteroidetes, Akkermansia Decreased: Firmicutes, F/B ratio | Promote GLP-1 secretion | [27] |
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Seabuckthorn Protein | ICR mice | Increased: Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides Decreased: Clostridium coccoides, PH value | Improve fatty acids metabolism | [28] |
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Zanthoxylum alkylamides | SD rats | Increased: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Clostridium, SCFAs Decreased: Enterococcus, Enterobacterium, Bacteroides , PH value, free ammonia | Inhibit hepatic gluconeogenesis; promote insulin secretion | [29] |
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Polyphenols from Fructus Mori L. | db/db mice | Increased: Bacteroidetes, Anaeroplasmatales, butyrate, propionate Decreased: Firmicutes, F/B ratio, Bacillus, Lactobacillus | Attenuate oxidative stress | [30] |
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Polysaccharide from the seed of Plantago asiatica L. | Wistar rats | Increased: Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, SCFAs Decreased: Alistipes obesi | Improve NEFA metabolism; attenuate oxidative stress | [31] |
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Ganoderma atrum Polysaccharide | Wistar rats | Increased: SCFAs | Attenuate oxidative stress | [32] |
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Maydis stigma Polysaccharide | KM mice | Increased: Lactobacillus, Bacteroides | N/A | [33] |
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Radix Pseudostellariae Polysaccharide | C57 mice | Increased: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium | Attenuate oxidative stress; suppress inflammatory response | [34] |
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Morus nigra Polysaccharide | db/db mice | Increased: Bacteroidales, Bacteroides Lactobacillus, Allobaculum, Akkermansia Decreased: F/B ratio, opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus and Enterococcus | Regulate lipid metabolism; attenuate oxidative stress | [35] |
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Polysaccharide from the fermented Momordica charantia L | Wistar rats | Increased: Lactococcus laudensis, Prevotella loescheii, SCFAs Decreased: pH value | Attenuate oxidative stress | [36] |
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