Gut Microbiota, a Potential New Target for Chinese Herbal Medicines in Treating Diabetes Mellitus

Table 2

Herbal compound preparations treating DM by regulating the gut microbiota.

Preparations	Composition of preparations	Models	Changes of the gut microbiota and metabolites	Core mechanisms	Ref.
Xiexin Tang	Rhizome Rhei, Radix Scutellaria, Rhizome Coptidis	SD rats	Increased: some SCFAs producing and anti-inflammatory bacteria such as Adlercreutzia and Alloprevotella ; SCFAs	Suppress inflammatory response	[38]
Gegen Qinlian Decoction	Radix Puerariae, Radix Scutellariae, Rhizoma Coptidis, Honey-fried Licorice Root	human	Increased: Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Gemmiger; Decreased: Alistipes, Odoribacter	N/A	[39]
		KK-Ay mice	Increased: Lactobacillus johnsonii, Bacteroides vulgatus	Suppress inflammatory response	[41]
AMC	Rhizoma Anemarrhenae, Momordica charantia, Rhizoma Coptidis, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Red yeast rice, Aloe vera, Schisandra chinensis, Rhizoma zingiberis	human	Increased: Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, Gemmiger, Coprococcus, Megamonas, Blautia	N/A	[40]
Huanglian Jiedu Decoction	Coptidis Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix, Phellodendri Cortex, Gardeniae Fructus	ZDF rats	Increased: Bacteroides, Clostridium, Roseburia, Akkermansia, Oscillospira, Aggregatibacter, Eubacterium; Decreased: Prevotella	Protect intestinal barrier; suppress inflammatory response; promote GLP-1and GLP-2 secretion	[42]
		SD rats	Increased: Parabacteroides, Blautia, Akkermansia; Decreased: Aerococcus, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium	Regulate lipid metabolism; suppress inflammatory response; attenuate oxidative stress	[43]
Qijian mixture	Astragalus membranaceus, Ramulus euonymi, Coptis chinensis, Pueraria lobata	KKay mice	Increased: Bacteroidetes	Improve carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism disorder	[44]
Banxia Xiexin Decoction	Rhizoma Pinelliae Praeparata, Radix Scutellaria, Rhizome Coptidis, Panax ginseng, Rhizoma zingiberis, Radix liquiritiae, Fructus Ziziphi Jujubae	SD rats	Increased: Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacilli, Enterococcus	Suppress inflammatory response	[45]
Herbal extract + Chemical drugs	Houttuynia cordata Thunb., Metformin	OLETF rats	Increased: Roseburia, Akkermansia, SCFAs; Decreased: Gram-negative bacteria, prevotella, Escherichia coli, LPS	Suppress inflammatory response	[46]
Herbal extract +Probiotics	Burdock Fructooligosaccharide GF13 Lactobacillus plantarum Sc 52	C57 mice	Increased: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, SCFAs; Decreased: Enterobacterium, Enterococcus	Protect intestinal barrier; suppress inflammatory response;	[47]
Herbal extract +Prebiotics	Berberine, stachyose	KKay mice	Increased: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium	N/A	[48]

Abbreviations. SCFAs: short chain fatty acids; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; GLP-2: glucagon-like peptide-2; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; N/A: not applicable.