The Use of Medicinal Plants for the Treatment of Toothache in Ethiopia

Table 1

Medicinal plants used for the treatment of toothache in Ethiopia. Description of languages.

Family	Scientific name	Local name	Growth habit	Part used	Preparation	References
Acanthaceae	Barleria homoiotricha C. B. Clarke		Shrub	Barks	Drink	[38]
	Dyschoriste radicans (Hochst. ex. Rich.) Nees		Climber	Whole		[39]
	Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anderson	Dhummuga (Or)	Shrub	Twigs	Chewed	[40]
Alliaceae	Allium sativum L.	Q/adii (Or)	Herb	Bulb	Crushed	[28]
				Bulb	Chewed	[29]
		Shingurti (Ti)		Bulb	Chewed	[41]
				Bulb	Chewed	[42]
Amaranthaceae	Amaranthus caudatus L.	Hamliadgi (Ti)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[29]
		Chele Shullo (Ke)		Seeds		[43]
Anacardiaceae	Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex C. Krauss	Kubri (Ma)	Shrub	Leaves	Chewed	[44]
	Schinus molle L.	Q/barbare (Am)	Tree	Stem	Brushing	[45]
Apiaceae	Foeniculum vulgare Mill.	Arake (Am)	Herb	Roots	Decoction	[46]
	Oenanthe palustris (Chiov.) C. Norman	Itsesiol (Am)		Leaves	Chewed	[47]
Apocynaceae	Calotropis procera (Ait.) Dryand.		Shrub	Barks	Pounded	[38]
	Carissa spinarum L.	Agamsa (Or)	Shrub	Barks	Chewed	[48]
Araliaceae	Schefflera abyssinica (Hochst. ex A. Rich.); Harms	Arfaasee (Or)	Tree	Barks	Chewed	[49]
Asclepiadaceae	Gomphocarpus purpurascens A. Rich.	Tseba Dimu (Ti)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[41]
Asparagaceae	Asparagus africanus Lam.	Yst kest (Am)	Shrub	Roots	Drink	[50]
		Serity (Or)		Roots	Chewed	[51]
Asteraceae	Acmella caulirhiza Del.	Etsegne (Br)	Herb	Root	Grounded	[26]
				Flowers	Chewed	[27]
		Yemidir Berbere (Am)		Flowers	Chewed	[44]
				Flowers		[52]
				Flowers	Chewed	[50]
	Artemisia abyssinica Sch.Bip. ex A. Rich.		Shrub	Stem	Chewed	[53]
	Artemisia afra Jack. ex Wild.	Ae’macho (Ke)	Herb	Leaves	Chewed	[43]
	Echinops kebericho Mesfin	Kebericho (Am, Or)	Herb	Root	Powdering	[45]
				Root	Pounded	[54]
	Echinops macrochaetus Fresen.	Qore harree (Or)	Herb	Root	Holding	[55]
	Galinsoga parviflora Cav.	Midirberber (Am)	Herb	Flower	Rubbing	[56]
	Inula confertiflora A. Rich.	Weinagift (Am)	Shrub	Leaves	Chewed	[57]
	Kleinia squarrosa Cufod.	Luko (Or)	Shrub	Stem	Brushing	[55]
	Laggera intermedia C. B. Clarke	Gimmie (Am)	Herb	Leaves	Crushed	[27]
	Parthenium hysterophorus L.	Kalignoole (So)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[58]
	Vernonia amygdalina Del.	Girawa (Am)	Shrub	Leaves	Chewed	[51]
		Eebicha (Or)			Chewed	[59]
	Vernonia auriculifera Hiern	Garsach (Me)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[60]
Aquifoliaceae	Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk.	Mi’esa (Or)	Tree	Twigs		[61]
Balanitaceae	Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.	Badana (Or)	Tree	Barks	Chewed	[45]
		Jemo (Am)	Shrub	Roots	Pounded	[62]
Bignoniaceae	Stereospermum kunthianum Cham.	Botoroo (Or)	Tree	Stem	Chewed	[47]
Boraginaceae	Cordia africana Lam.	Wadesa (Or)	Tree	Barks	Chewed	[45]
		Wanza (Am)		Barks	Powdering	[63]
	Cynoglossum coeruleum Hochst. ex A. DC.	Shimgigit (Am)	Herb	Leaves	Holding	[64]
	Ehretia cymosa Thonn.	Ulaagaa (Or)	Shrub	Leaves	Chewed	[48]
		Migure (Af)	Tree	Leaves	Powdering	[50]
		Game (Am)				[62]
		Checho (Am)		Leaves	Holding	[65]
Brassicaceae	Lepidium sativum L.	Shinfa (Or)	Herb	Seeds	Chewed	[66]
Burseraceae	Commiphora hodai Sprague	Hodai (So)	Herb	Roots	Inhaling	[67]
Capparaceae	Boscia salicifolia Oliv.	Awo (Ti)	Tree	Leaves	Chewed	[41]
	Capparis tomentosa Lam.	Hragama (Or)	Climber	Leave	Chewed	[30]
				Roots	Chewed	[40]
				Barks	Crushed	[49]
		Goraa (Or)		Barks	Chewed	[68]
				Leaves	Heated	[59]
	Capparis fascicularis DC.	Hida sare (Or)	Climber	Roots	Chewed	[69]
		Hargama (Or)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[40]
Capparidaceae	Cadaba rotundifolia Forssk.		Tree	Leaves	Chewed	[70]
	Crateva adansonii DC.	Qollaadii (Or)	Shrub	Leaves	Heating	[59]
Caryophyllaceae	Drymaria cordata (L.) Schultes	Hakeato (Ke)	Epiphyte	Leaves		[43]
Chenopodiaceae	Chenopodium opulifolium Koch	Sinin (Am)	Herb	Leaves	Drink	[50]
Clusiaceae	Clusia lanceolata Cambess.	Ulee foonii (Or)	Tree	Leaves		[71]
	Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson	Abuqurto (Or)	Shrub	Stem	Chewed	[72]
Colchicaceae	Gloriosa superba L.	Harmel (Or)	Shrub	Leaves	Crushed	[55]
Crassulaceae	Kalanchoe laciniata (L.) DC	Endawula (Am)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[50]
				Roots	Chewed	[57]
Cupressaceae	Cupressus lusitanica Mill.	Yeferenj tid (Am)	Tree	Leaves	Decoction	[46]
Cupressaceae	Juniperus procera Hochst. ex Endl.	Gaattiraa (Or)	Tree	Bark	Holding	[30]
Cucurbitaceae	Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich.	Muchele (Ti)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[41]
		Yembuay (Am)		Seeds	Crushed	[45]
		Facaa (Or)		Roots	Chewed	[49]
	Momordica foetida Schumach.	Yamora misa (Am)	Climber	Leaves	Chewed	[27]
				Roots	Chewed	[50]
		Umbrao (Ke)		Roots		[43]
Ebenaceae	Euclea divinorum Hiern	Gunna (Ha)	Shrub	Roots	Drink	[73]
	Euclea racemosa L.		Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[29]
		Keleaw (Ti)		Roots	Chewed	[41]
				Roots	Chewed	[42]
		Kliaw (Am)		Roots	Holding	[46]
Euphorbiaceae	Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach	Ule foni (Or)	Shrub	Leaves	Holding	[30]
				Leaves	Holding	[48]
		Binjile (Si)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[74]
	Phyllanthus sepialis Mull. Arg	Suamlfer (Or)		Roots		[75]
	Ricinus communis L.	Guloo (Am)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[50]
				Roots	Chewed	[76]
Fabaceae	Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del.	Serkema (Or)	Tree	Stem	Decoction	[69]
		Kesel-e (Af)		Leaves	Chewed	[77]
	Acacia oerfota (Forssk.) Schweinf.	Garmoyta (Af)	Shrub	Barks	Chewed	[33]
		Ajo (Or)		Twigs	Chewed	[40]
	Albizia gummifera (J. F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.	Muka arbaa (Or)	Tree	Leaves	Rubbed	[48]
	Calpurnia aurea (Ait.) Benth.	Digita (Am)	Shrub	Roots	Tied	[52]
		Cadhiw (Ko)		Roots		[78]
	Colutea abyssinica Kunth & Bouche	Taetaeta (Ti)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[41]
				Stem	Heating	[53]
	Entada abyssinica A. Rich.	Galchacha (Si)	Shrub	Barks		[79]
	Erythrina brucei Schweinf.	Waleenaa (Or)	Tree	Barks	Chewed	[68]
	Indigofera spicata Forssk.	Gimay (Me)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[60]
	Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker	Dhoqonuu (Or)	Tree	Barks	Chewed	[80]
		Yago (Ke)		Seeds		[43]
Flacourtiaceae	Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb.	Koshim (Am)	Tree	Seeds	Rubbing	[81]
				Seeds	Chewed	[66]
Geraniaceae	Geranium sp.	Bedinecho (Da)	Herb	Leaves	Rubbing	[82]
	Monsonia parvifolia Schinz			Leaves	Heated	[56]
Lamiaceae	Clerodendrum myricoides (Hochst.) R. Br. ex Vatke	Misrich (Am)	Herb	Roots	Crushed	[45]
				Seeds	Chewed	[83]
		Misrach (Or)		Roots	Chewed	[84]
	Isodon ramosissimus (Hook.f.) Codd	Dingermiko (Ke)	Herb	Leaves		[43]
	Mentha pulegium L.	Setisemhal (Ti)	Herb	Leaves	Chewed	[29]
	Ocimum urticifolium Roth	Eyafa (Sk)	Herb	Leaves		[85]
	Thymus schimperi Ronniger	Tesne (Ti)	Herb	Whole	Chewed	[41]
Loranthaceae	Plicosepalus robustus Wiens & Polhill		Shrub	Leaves	Pounded	[38]
	Tapinanthus globiferus (A. Rich.) Tiegh.		Shrub	Leaves	Rubbing	[38]
Malvaceae	Pavonia urens Cav.	Maxxannee (Or)	Herb	Roots	Decoction	[86]
	Sida tenuicarpa Vollesen	Chfrig (Am)	Shrub	Roots	Brushing	[46]
Meliaceae	Azadirachta indica A. Juss.	Talaal (So)	Tree	Leaves	Chewed	[67]
	Melia azedarach L.	Niimii (Or)	Tree	Stem	Chewed	[30]
				Stem	Brushing	[45]
		Niim (Am)		Leaves	Chewed	[70]
		Neem (Ti)		Barks	Holding	[87]
		Geed kinin (So)		Leaves	Holding	[58]
Menispermaceae	Stephania abyssinica (Quart. Dill. & A. Rich.) Walp.	Shinet (Am)	Climber	Roots	Brushing	[88]
Moraceae	Ficus palmata Forssk.	Beles (Am)	Tree	Roots	Chewed	[51]
	Ficus sur Forssk.	Shola (Am)	Tree	Barks	Holding	[46]
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus sp.	Baxarsaf (So)	Tree	Roots	Rubbing	[58]
Olacaceae	Ximenia americana L	Hudhaa (Or)	Tree	Barks	Powdered	[83]
Oleaceae	Jasminum abyssinicum Hochst. ex DC.	Habtselim (Am)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[46]
	Jasminum grandiflorum L.	Qamaxe (Or)	Tree	Stem	Chewed	[28]
		Bilu (Or)	Shrub	Leaves	Crushed	[55]
	Olea europaea L.	Woira (Am)	Tree	Stem	Brushing	[27]
						[52]
				Stem	Chewed	[41]
		Awlie (Ti)		Leaves	Chewed	[42]
				Stem	Heated	[53]
		Wa’era (Ha)		Leaves	Chewed	[73]
				Leaves	Chewed	[45]
		Ejersa (Or)		Leaves	Decoration	[86]
		Ejerssa (Si)		Stem	Chewed	[74]
Oliniaceae	Olinia rochetiana A. Juss.	Dalecho (Or)	Tree	Leaves	Holding	[28]
		Chife (Am)		Leaves	Chewed	[81]
		Nolee (Si)		Barks		[79]
				Leaves	Chewed	[59]
Opiliaceae	Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.	Kasil (So)	Shrub	Stem	Boiled	[57]
Orobanchaceae	Orobanche ramosa L.	Yemako (Si)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[74]
Oxalidaceae	Oxalis corniculata L.	Kakeato (Ke)	Herb	Leaves		[43]
	Oxalis radicosa A. Rich.	Solcarindo (Ma)	Herb	Stem	Chewed	[44]
Phytolaccaceae	Phytolacca dodecandra L'Her.	Endod (Am)	Shrub	Stem	Chewed	[51]
Polygalaceae	Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.	Etsemena (Am)	Tree	Leaves	Chewed	[47]
Polygonaceae	Rumex abyssinicus Jacq.	Mequmeqo (Ti)	Herb	Roots	Crushed	[41]
				Roots	Chewed	[70]
	Rumex nepalensis Spreng.	Dhangaggo (Or)	Herb	Roots		[89]
Polypodiaceae	Drynaria volkensii Hieron.	Afarfattuu (Or)	Epiphyte	Roots	Holding	[48]
		Kokosso (Si)		Rhizome	Chewed	[90]
Proteaceae	Faurea speciosa Welw.	Gero (Ma)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[44]
Ranunculaceae	Clematis longicauda Steud. ex A. Rich.	Zina charo (Sk)	Climber	Leaves		[85]
	Clematis simensis Fresen.	Hida Fiti (Or)	Climber	Barks	Crushed	[49]
		Fide (Si)		Stem	Chewed	[91]
	Ranunculus multifidus Forssk.	Sherit (Me)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[60]
		Hogiyo (Ke)		Roots		[43]
	Thalictrum rhynchocarpum Dill. & A. Rich	Shunawedi (Ke)	Herb	Roots		[43]
Rosaceae	Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman	Arara (Ha)	Tree		Chewed	[92]
		Omo (Be)		Barks		[89]
	Prunus persica (L.) Batsch	Koki (Or)	Tree	Barks	Holding	[47]
Rubiaceae	Galium boreoaethiopicum Puff	Mendefgi (Ti)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[41]
				Roots	Chewed	[42]
	Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. & Thonn.	Gambilo (Am)		Shoot	Chewed	[93]
	Pavetta gardeniifolia Hochst. ex A. Rich	Qadiidaa (Or)	Shrub	Roots	Pounded	[68]
	Pentas lanceolata (Forssk.) Deflers	Afi deshe (Ar)	Herb	Roots	Chewed	[44]
Rutaceae	Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.	Uluma (Or)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[28]
		Limich (Am)		Stem Root	Brush	[80]
				Stem	Brush	[65]
		Embricho (Ke)		Leaves		[71]
						[43]
	Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth.	Uluma (Or)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[28]
				Stem	Brush	[80]
		Limich (Am)		Root		[65]
				Stem	Brush	[71]
		Embricho (Ke)		Leaves		[43]
	Ruta chalepensis L.	Cilaadama (Or)	Herb	Leaves	Chewed	[94]
				Leaves	Chewed	[95]
	Vepris dainellii (Pichi-Serm.) Kokwaro	Mengereto (Ke)	Tree	Barks		[43]
	Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl.	Ga’ada (Or)	Shrub	Barks	Holding	[45]
Salvadoraceae	Salvadora persica L.		Tree	Stem	Brushing	[33]
Sapindaceae	Dodonaea angustifolia L. f.	Itacha (Or)	Shrub	Roots	Brushing	[96]
Scrophulariaceae	Verbascum sinaiticum Benth.	Timake (Ti)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[41]
Simaroubaceae	Brucea antidysenterica J.F.Mill.	Qomonyo (Or)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[80]
			Tree	Bark		[97]
Solanaceae	Datura stramonium L.		Herb	Fruits	Inhaling	[29]
		Manjii (Or)		Seeds	Decoction	[30]
		Asangira (Or)		Seeds	Inhaling	[48]
		Atsefaris (Ma)		Bud	Chewed	[44]
		Astenagir (Am)		Seeds	Inhaling	[50]
		Hitsawats (Ti)		Seeds	Inhaling	[41]
				Seeds	Inhaling	[53]
				Seeds	Powdering	[45]
				Seeds	Chewed	[80]
				Seeds	Decoction	[49]
				Leaves	Grounded	[83]
				Roots	Chewed	[60]
				Leaves	Inhaling	[76]
				Leaves	Decoction	[55]
		Bolute rosun (Me)		Seeds	Inhaling	[98]
		Qamaxari (Or)		Stem	Squished	[54]
	Nicotiana tabacum L.	Tamboo (Or)	Herb	Leaves	Chewed	[68]
	Solanum hastifollium Hochst.	Alalmo kalbi (Ti)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[41]
	Solanum incanum L.	Hiddi (Or)	Shrub	Roots	Chewed	[30]
		Xanbax (So)		Fruits	Chewed	[67]
				Roots	Chewed	[49]
				Fruits	Dropping	[68]
	Solanum marginatum L. f.	Embuay (Am)	Shrub	Fruits	Dropping	[27]
		Hiddii (Or)			Dropping	[47]
Tiliaceae	Grewia bicolor Juss.	Deka (Or)	Shrub	Stem	Brushing	[55]
	Grewia ferruginea Hochst. ex A. Rich.	Tsinquayt (Ti)	Tree	Roots	Crushed	[99]
Verbenaceae	Premna schimperi Engl.	Dabase (Or)	Shrub	Chewed		[49]
		Xaxesa (Or)		Seeds	Chewed	[83]
		Chcho (Am)	Tree	Roots	Chewed	[46]
				Leaves	Chewed	[98]
				Leaves	Chewed	[100]
	Premna oligotricha Baker	Sasa (Ti)	Shrub	Leaves	Chewed	[41]
				Leaves	Chewed	[42]
	Premna resinosa (Hochst.) Schauer	Urgessaa (Or)	Tree	Roots	Chewed	[59]
Vitaceae	Cissus quadrangularis L.	Gaale-abdi (Or)	Climber	Roots	Chewed	[40]
	Cyphostemma junceum (Barker) Desc. ex Wild. R. B. Drumm.	Etse zewye (Ti)	Herb	Whole	Chewed	[41]
Zingiberaceae	Aframomum corrorima (Braun) Jansen	Ofiyo (Ke)	Herb	Seeds		[43]
	Zingiber officinale Roscoe	Zingibel (Ti)	Herb	Rhizome	Chewed	[29]
				Rhizome	Holding	[101]

Or: Afaan Oromo; So: Somali; Ku: Kunama; Ko: Konta; Ti: Tigre; Am: Amharic; Ha: Hadiya; Ma: Maale; Me: Meinit; Sh: Shinasha; Br: Bertha; Be: Bench; Da: Dawaro; G: Gumuz; Si: Sidama; Sk: Shekkicho; Ari: Ar; Af: Afar; Ke: Keficho.