Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Release Procedures in the Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum by Acupotomy: A Cadaveric study

Figure 2

Transverse-axis approach: puncture needle of the median coronal sonogram of the lumbar spine. The intrathecal space is a hypoechoic area between the hyperechoic ligamentum flavum and the anterior dura and posterior. The short arrows refer to the needle knife position. ESM, erector spinae muscle; ES, epidural space; LF, ligamentum flavum; FJ, facet joint; L, left; R, right; U-A, the depth of acupotome penetration; U-B, the distance from the puncture site to the spinous process; D, the angle of acupotomy.