Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Release Procedures in the Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum by Acupotomy: A Cadaveric study

Figure 3

Longitudinal-axis approach: puncture needle of the paramedian sagittal sonogram of the lumbar spine. The posterior epidural space is a hypoechoic area between the hyperechoic ligamentum flavum and the posterior dura. The short arrows refer to the needle knife position. ESM, erector spinae muscle; ES, epidural space; LF, ligamentum flavum; U-A, the depth of acupotome penetration; D, the angle of acupotomy.