Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Release Procedures in the Lumbar Ligamentum Flavum by Acupotomy: A Cadaveric study

Table 1

Left and right side measurements on transverse-axis approach and longitudinal-axis approach.

Left and right-side measurements in the same approach and same segment			U-A (mm)	U-B (mm)	A (mm)	B (mm)	C (mm)	D (°)
Transverse-axis approach	L3/L4	Left	48.11 ± 9.92	31.53 ± 4.18	58.17 ± 7.19	34.20 ± 5.22	153.79 ± 23.51	58.92 ± 5.63
		Right	48.84 ± 6.73	33.61 ± 4.03	55.77 ± 10.46	37.00 ± 4.76	154.49 ± 24.54	56.77 ± 4.65
	L4/L5	Left	48.30 ± 5.83	33.18 ± 3.78	60.52 ± 7.19	35.49 ± 3.96	129.68 ± 19.80	56.53 ± 5.57
		Right	51.23 ± 5.70	35.74 ± 6.56	61.51 ± 6.75	39.54 ± 8.22	128.64 ± 18.85	53.24 ± 6.55
	L5/S1	Left	48.96 ± 8.56	33.38 ± 5.33	62.76 ± 4.76	37.43 ± 5.99	107.47 ± 15.55	55.01 ± 5.42
		Right	51.07 ± 5.32	34.02 ± 4.38	57.61 ± 7.75	37.84 ± 7.47	110.51 ± 12.26	53.54 ± 6.73
Longitudinal-axis approach	L3/L4	Left	53.78 ± 5.94	—	64.98 ± 8.20	11.18 ± 11.56	122.33 ± 23.66	54.69 ± 5.41
		Right	53.83 ± 6.59	—	66.61 ± 9.13	11.97 ± 4.1	122.88 ± 22.93	51.62 ± 5.27
	L4/L5	Left	55.36 ± 5.47	—	66.98 ± 6.35	6.93 ± 5.20	99.75 ± 16.56	53.21 ± 5.86
		Right	53.46 ± 5.42	—	67.14 ± 9.89	11.28 ± 2.32	98.71 ± 16.70	51.32 ± 6.34
	L5/S1	Left	53.23 ± 6.46	—	68.55 ± 4.26	8.75 ± 3.58	80.82 ± 12.78	51.14 ± 8.07
		Right	54.78 ± 5.99	—	70.69 ± 7.99	12.00 ± 5.60	84.58 ± 15.09	54.21 ± 3.91

D, angle of acupotomy puncture; C, vertical distance from the puncture site to the horizontal line of the cornua sacralia; B, distance to the spinous process; A, depth of acupotome penetration measured in cadavers; and U-A, depth of acupotome penetration.