Panax ginseng Inhibits Metabolism of Diester Alkaloids by Downregulating CYP3A4 Enzyme Activity via the Pregnane X Receptor

Table 2

Effect of P. ginseng on the pharmacokinetics of caffeine on day 7 after administration.

Parameters/unit	Control	P. ginseng-L	P. ginseng-M	P. ginseng-H
/mg^.L^-1.h	2.28 ± 0.62	6.44 ± 2.32	8.20 ± 1.41	3.54 ± 0.84
/mg^.L^-1.h	2.62 ± 0.55	7.07 ± 2.35	11.99 ± 3.16	3.86 ± 0.81
/h	0.48 ± 0.31	0.60 ± 0.21	1.06 ± 0.36	0.46 ± 0.13
/mg^.L^−1	0.28 ± 0.19	0.11 ± 0.07	0.08 ± 0.00	0.17 ± 0.09
/L^.h^-1.kg^−1	7.94 ± 1.76	0.39 ± 0.15	0.22 ± 0.06	0.68 ± 0.18
/mg^.L^−1	3.04 ± 0.29	7.49 ± 2.56	10.38 ± 2.43	4.56 ± 1.14

Note: compared with the control group, < 0.05; < 0.01.