Nimbolide Represses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Carcinoma Cells via Chk2-Mediated G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, Altered Signaling Pathways, and Reduced Transcription Factors-Associated MMP-9 Expression
Figure 5
The suppressive effect of nimbolide in the migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells. (a) Both cell lines were grown in 6-well plates. Monolayer of cells were scratched using a pipette tip. After treatment with nimbolide (0–3 μM) for 12 h, the recovery rate of cells migrating into the wound surface was monitored and evaluated as the width of the remaining wounded area relative to the initial wounded area. Wound closure images were photographed under an inverted microscope with 40× magnification. (b) Invasiveness of both bladder cancer cell lines was assessed using an invasion assay kit. Cells were plated in the upper Boyden chamber, and then cells that had invaded to the lower chamber were stained. Cellular images were visualized under a microscope after 12 h. The bar graphs indicate the number of migrating or invading cells expressed as a fold change relative to the control. Values in the bar graphs represent the mean ± SD from three different experiments. P < 0.05, compared to the control.