Nimbolide Represses the Proliferation, Migration, and Invasion of Bladder Carcinoma Cells via Chk2-Mediated G2/M Phase Cell Cycle Arrest, Altered Signaling Pathways, and Reduced Transcription Factors-Associated MMP-9 Expression

Figure 6

Nimbolide inhibits MMP-9 activity via interfered binding activity of transcription factors NF-κB, AP-1, and Sp-1 in bladder cancer cells. (a) MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities were measured by gelatin zymographic assay. Both cell lines were grown in a petri dish and incubated with various concentrations of nimbolide. Zymographic assay was performed using conditioned media. (b) Nuclear proteins were used by EMSA. NF-κB, AP-1, and Sp-1 motifs were employed to analyze transcriptional binding activity using radiolabeled oligonucleotide probes. Bar graph is presented as a fold change relative to the control. The results are presented as the mean ± SD from three different experiments. P < 0.05, compared to the control.

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