A Review on Antidiabetic Properties of Indian Mangrove Plants with Reference to Island Ecosystem

Table 2

Mangrove plants with phytochemical constituents and antidiabetic mechanism from different ecosystem (worldwide).

Sl.No.	Mangrove species	Phytochemical constituents	Antidiabetic mechanism	References
1.	A. corniculatum	Flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols; Alkaloids, tannins, benzofurans; Saponins	Utilization of glucose either by direct stimulation of glucose uptake or via the mediation of enhanced insulin secretion; Presence of antidiabetic properties	Gurudeeban et al. [36]
				Ishibashi et al. [76]
2.	Acrosathe annulata	Amino acids inorganic salts	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Popp [77]
3.	A. ilicifolius	Flavonoids	Regeneration of β-cells of the pancreas; Presence of flavonoids	Venkataiah et al. [78]
				Li et al. [68]
4.	A. marina	Saponins; Yet to be analysed	Stimulation of β-cells to release more insulin antiglycation activity; Presence of antidiabetic properties	Babuselvam et al. [118]
				Aljaghthmi et al. [79]
5.	B. cylindrical	Flavonoids, phenolic acids, sterols/triterpenoid, alkaloids, tannins, anthocyanins	Stimulation of β-cells to release more insulin	Das et al. [56]
6.	Bruguiera sp.	Alkaloids; Flavonoids	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Cheng et al. [62]
				Li et al. [68]
7.	B. racemosa	Flavonoids, tannins, saponins; Phenolic compounds	α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory property; Presence of antidiabetic properties	Gowri et al. [80]
				Kabir et al. [65]
				Li et al. [68]
8.	B. gymnorrhiza	Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols, glycosides	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Nebula et al. [48]
9.	B. rumphii	Tannins, triterpenes	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Rollet [81]
10.	B. parviflora	Phenolic compounds	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Seshadri and Venkataramani [82]
11.	B. sexangula	Phenolic, steroids; Alkaloids, tannins; Saponins	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Hogg and Gillan [83]
				Nebula et al. [48]
12.	C. decandra	Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols, glycosides	Presence of antidiabetic properties; stimulation β-cells to release more insulin; The increased hexokinase activity	Seshadri and Trikha [84]
				Nabeel et al. [32]
13.	C. tagal	Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols	The inhibition against PTPase enzyme activity	Tiwari et al. [85]
				Tamrakar et al. [86]
				Lawag et al. [87]
14.	E. agallocha	Flavonoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols	Pancreatic secretion of insulin, uptake of glucose	Rahman et al. [88]
				Thirumurugan et al. [89]
15.	K. candel	Flavonoid, glycosides, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, polyphenols	Presence of antidiabetic	Habeebulla and Velraj [90]
16.	R. annamalayana	Alkaloids, tannins steroids	Improved level of insulin secretion and its action	Ali et al. [91]
				Nabeel et al. [92]
17.	R. apiculata	Tannin, steroids, triterpenes, phenolic compounds	Improved level of insulin secretion and its action; insulin mimetic activity; cell protection	Lakshmi et al. [93]
				Sur et al. [55, 57, 58, 61, 75–77, 80–84, 90, 92, 94–113]
				Nabeel et al. [92]
18.	R. mangle	Tannins, triterpenes	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Willians [109]
19.	R. mucronata	Tannin, steroids, triterpenes, phenolic compounds	Improved level of insulin secretion and its action; insulin mimetic activity; α-glucosidase inhibitory	Nabeel et al. [92]
				Adhikari et al. [110]
				Aljaghthmi et al. [79]
20.	R. racemosa	Tannins, triterpenes	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Padmakumar and Ayyakkannu [111]
21.	R. conjugate	Anthocyanins, steroids; Tannins, triterpenes	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Majumdar and Patra [112]
22.	R. stylosa	Inositols; Steroids	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Ravi and Kathiresan [113]
23.	N. fruticans	Alkaloids glycosides tannins; Sterols	Utilization of glucose	Reza et al. [114]
24.	S. alba	Tannins; Phenolic; Polysaccharides	Modifying glucose pathway; Presence of antidiabetic properties	Morada et al. [55]
				Bandaranayake [61]
25.	S. apetala	Triterpenes steroids flavonoids alkaloids	Enhanced insulin-releasing activity; enhance transport of blood glucose to the peripheral tissue	Hossain et al. [101]
				Patra et al. [115]
26.	S. brachiata	Steroids; Triterpenes	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Padmakumar et al. [116]
27.	S. caseolaris	Steroids glycosides	Intestinal α-glucosidase inhibitory activity; potentiation pancreatic secretion of insulin	Tiwari et al. [98]
				Hasan et al. [100]
28.	S. ovata	Steroids	Presence of antidiabetic properties	Bhosle et al. [117]
29.	V. adenantha	Yet to be analysed		Habeebulla and Velraj [90]
30.	X. granatum	Alkaloids steroids tannins triterpenes; Alkaloids; Flavonoids	Stimulation on β- cells; elevation in insulin sensitivity to glucose; protein tyrosine phosphatase activity; Presence of antidiabetic properties	Srivastava et al. [75]
				Cheng et al. [62]
				Li et al. [68]
31.	X. moluccensis	Alkaloids steroids tannins triterpenes; Proanthocyanidins	Insulin mimetic or insulin secretagogue activity insulin resistance reversal activity; α-glucosidase inhibitory activity	Srivastava et al. [104]