Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) in the Prevention of Ageing and Degenerative Diseases: Review of Current Evidence

Table 1

Effect of ginger on degenerative disease (in vitro studies).

Related disease	Constituent	Effects	References
Alzheimer’s disease	Ginger root extract	(i) Showed antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activity; (ii) Inhibitory effects towards butyrylcholinesterase; (iii) Increased cell survival following β-amyloid expression.	Tung et al. [30]
	6-Gingerol	(i) Suppressed the expression of β-amyloid; (ii) Increased the expression of antioxidant enzyme; (iii) Restored glutathione level	Lee et al. [102]
Parkinson’s disease	6-Shogaol	(i) Protected dopaminergic neurons against MPTP- and MPP^+-induced neurotoxicity	Park et al. [106]
	6-Shogaol	(i) Inhibited the release of NO and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)	Ha et al. [107]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Ginger extract	(i) Exhibited strong antioxidant activities	Oboh et al. [108]
Cardiovascular disease	Ginger extract	(i) Induced the relaxation of coronary arteries; (ii) Increased vasoprotection through the suppression of the cyclooxygenase pathway and nitric oxide synthase	Wu et al. [116]