Review Article
Mistletoe and Immunomodulation: Insights and Implications for Anticancer Therapies
Table 1
Immunological activities of applied VA extracts.
| VA-mediated activities | Study type | References |
| Increase of leukocytes, eosinophils, and granulocytes | RCT, placebo-controlled trial | [9, 10] |
| Induction of specific antibodies against VA constituents | RCT | [11] |
| Increase of secretion of cytokines | Clinical study | [12] |
| Increase of lymphocytes | Clinical study | [13] |
| Increase of activity of natural killer (NK) cells | Clinical studies | [13ā15] |
| Enforcement of NK-cell mediated lysis of glioblastomas | Preclinical study | [16] |
| Increase of neutrophils and increase of granulocyte activity | Clinical study | [15] |
| Increase of activity of NK cells | Preclinical study | [17] |
| Enhancement of cellular and humoral immune response | Preclinical study | [18] |
| Increase of the activities of NK cells during surgery | Clinical studies, RCT | [19ā21] |
| Enhancement of dendritic cell maturation | Preclinical study | [22] |
| Abrogation of tumor-induced immunosuppression of dendritic cells | Preclinical study | [23] |
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NK: natural killer; RCT: randomized clinical trial; VA: Viscum album L.
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