Mistletoe and Immunomodulation: Insights and Implications for Anticancer Therapies

Table 1

Immunological activities of applied VA extracts.

VA-mediated activities	Study type	References
Increase of leukocytes, eosinophils, and granulocytes	RCT, placebo-controlled trial	[9, 10]
Induction of specific antibodies against VA constituents	RCT	[11]
Increase of secretion of cytokines	Clinical study	[12]
Increase of lymphocytes	Clinical study	[13]
Increase of activity of natural killer (NK) cells	Clinical studies	[13–15]
Enforcement of NK-cell mediated lysis of glioblastomas	Preclinical study	[16]
Increase of neutrophils and increase of granulocyte activity	Clinical study	[15]
Increase of activity of NK cells	Preclinical study	[17]
Enhancement of cellular and humoral immune response	Preclinical study	[18]
Increase of the activities of NK cells during surgery	Clinical studies, RCT	[19–21]
Enhancement of dendritic cell maturation	Preclinical study	[22]
Abrogation of tumor-induced immunosuppression of dendritic cells	Preclinical study	[23]

NK: natural killer; RCT: randomized clinical trial; VA: Viscum album L.