Phytomedicines Used for Diabetes Mellitus in Ghana: A Systematic Search and Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence

Table 2

Ethnomedicinal reports of plants used in Ghana for managing diabetes mellitus.

Scientific name	Family	Common name	Plant part	Preparation	Reference
Abelmoschus esculentus	Malvaceae	Okra	Fruit	Decoction	[14]
Adenia lobata Engl	Passifloraceae	Snake Rope	Stem	Decoction	[15]
Ageratum conyzoides L	Asteraceae	Goat weed	Whole plant/Leaf	Decoction	[16–18]
Allium cepa L.	Amaryllidaceae	Onion	Bulb	Mastication	[17, 18]
Allium sativum L.	Liliaceae	Garlic	Bulb	Mastication	[17, 19]
Acalypha wilkesiana	Euphorbiaceae	Copper leaf	Leaf	Decoction	[19]
Aloe barbadensis	Asphodelaceae	Aloe vera	Leaf	Decoction	[14]
Alstonia boonei	Apocynaceae	Stool wood	Leaf, Stem bark	Tincture	[14, 20]
Amaranthus viridis L.	Amaranthaceae	Green amaranth	Leaf	Decoction	[16]
Anogeissus leiocarpus	Combretaceae	African birch	Leaf, Stem bark	Decoction	[18]
Annona muricata L.	Annonaceae	soursop	leaf	Decoction	[21]
Azadirachta indica A. Juss	Meliaceae	Indian Lilac tree	Leaf	Decoction	[17, 21]
Bauhinia rufescens Lam.	Fabaceae	Silver butterfly tree	Leaf	Decoction	[16]
Bridelia ferruginea Benth	Euphorbiaceae	Bridelia	Leaf	Decoction	[17, 18]
Boerhavia diffusa L	Nyctaginaceae	spreading hogweed	whole plant	Decoction	[21]
Bombax buonopozense	Bombacaceae	Gold coast Bombax	Leaf	Infusion	[14],
Carica papaya L.	Caricaceae	Pawpaw	Leaf	Decoction	[18, 21]
Cassia siamea	Caesalpiniaceae	Cassia tree	Leaf	Decoction	[17]
Cassia auriculata L.	Fabaceae	Tanner’s cassia	Flowers, Root, Seed	Decoction	[16]
Catharanthus roseus (L.)	G. Don Apocynaceae	Madagascar periwinkle	Leaf	Powder	[16]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Lauraceae	Cinnamon	Bark	Mastication	[17]
Clausena anisata	Rutaceae	Clausena	Root	Decoction	[17]
Costus afer Ker-Gawl	Costaceae	Bush cane	Whole plant	Decoction	[22]
Costus schlechteri	Costaceae	Hairy ginger lily	Whole plant	Decoction	[23]
Cyperus esculentus	Cyperaceae	Tiger nut	Fruit	Mastication	[22]
Ehretia cymosa	Boraginaceae	Ehretia Cymosa	Leaf	Decoction	[24]
Emilia coccinea	Asteraceae	Emelia	Entire plant	Decoction	[19]
Euphorbia hirta L.	Phyllanthaceae	asthma plant	Leaf	Decoction	[21]
Euphorbia prostrate Aiton	Euphorbiaceae	Prostrate sandmat	Whole plant	Decoction	[16]
Fleurya ovalifolium	Moraceae	Sand paper leaf	Stinging nettle	Decoction	[19]
Garcinia afzelii	Guttiferae	Bitter cola	Leaf	Decoction	[18]
Glyphaea brevis	Tiliaceae	Masquerade stick	Leaf	Decoction	[18]
Gongronema latifolium	Asclepiadaceae	Bush buck	Leaf	Decoction	[16]
Guiera senegalensis	Combretaceae	Moshi medicine	Leaf	Decoction	[18]
Harungana madagascariensis	Hypericaceae	Dragon’s blood tree	Stem bark	Decoction	[18]
Hoslundia opposita	Lamiaceae	Orange bird berry	Root	Decoction	[18]
Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit	Lamiaceae	Pignut	Leaf	Decoction	[16]
Indigofera arrecta	Papilionoideae	African indigo	Leaf	Decoction	[18]
Ipomoea sepiaria Roxb.	Convolvulaceae	Purple Heart Glory	Leaf	Decoction	[16]
Jatropha curcas	Euphorbiaceae	Barbados	Leaf	Decoction	[18]
Khaya senegalensis	Meliaceae	African mahogany	Stem bark	Decoction	[17]
Kigelia Africana (Lam) Benth	Bignoniaceae	Sausage Tree	leaf, stem bark, fruit and roots	Decoction	[19]
Launaea taraxacifolia	Asteraceae	African Lettuce	Leaf	Decoction	[14, 18, 21]
Lagerstroemia speciosa	Lythraceae	Giant crepe-myrtle	Leaf	Decoction	[19]
Mangifera indica L.	Anacardiaceae	Mango	Leaf Stem bark	Decoction	[18, 21]
Mimosa pudica L.	Fabaceae	Touch- Me-Not	Leaf	Tincture	[16]
Mollugo nudicaulis Lamk.	Molluginaceae	Naked- stem carpetweed	Whole plant	Decoction	[16]
Mitragyna inermis O. Kuntze	Rubiaceae	Not known	leaf	Decoction	[21]
Morinda citrifolia L.	Rubiaceae	Noni	Fruit	Decoction	[21]
Morinda lucida	Rubiaceae	Brimstone tree	Root	Decoction	[18]
Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae	Moringa	Leaf	Decoction	[17]
Momordica charantia	Cucurbitaceae	bitter gourd	Whole plant	Infusion	[14, 17, 18, 21]
Myrianthus arboreus P. Beauv	Urticaceae	Monkey fruit	Stem bark	Decoction	[23]
Newbouldia laevis	Bignoniaceae	Sesemasa	Leaf	Decoction	[19]
Ocimum canum Sim	Lamiaceae	Basil	Leaf	Decoction	[23]
Ocimum gratissimum	Lamiaceae	clove basil	leaf	Decoction	[23, 25]
Phyllanthus amarus Schum.	Euphorbiaceae	Stonebreaker or seed-under-leaf	Leaf	Decoction	[16, 17]
Paullinia pinnata Griseb	Sapindaceae	Tietie	Leaves	Decoction	[21]
Phyllanthus fraternus	Euphorbiaceae	Quinine weed	Leaves	Decoction	[17]
Rauvolfia vomitoria	Apocynaceae	poison devil’s-pepper	Leaf	Decoction	[19]
Scoparia dulcis	Scrophulariaceae	Sweet broom	Dried leaves	Decoction	[17, 18]
Securinega virosa	Euphorbiaceae	Snow berry tree	Leaves	Decoction	[18]
Senna siamea (Lam) H.S.	Fabaceae	Yellow cassia	Leaves Root	Infusion decoction	[17, 21]
Senna occidentalis	Fabaceae	Coffee weed	Stem bark, Leaves	Infusion	[16, 19, 26]
Sida acuta Burm. f	Malvaceae	broomweed	Leaves	Decoction	[16, 18]
Sesamum indicum L.	Pedaliaceae	Sesame	seed	powder	[21]
Solanum torvum	Solanaceae	Turkey berry	fruit	Decoction	[19]
Saccharum officinarum L.	Poaceae	sugar cane	stem	Decoction	[21]
Stachytarpheta indica	Verbenaceae	Blue vervain	Leafy stem, Leaves, Flowers	Decoction	[19]
Strychnos spinosa Lam.	Loganiaceae	Monkey orange	Leaves	Decoction	[18]
Tapinanthus banguensis	Loranthaceae	Mistletoe	Young stems, leaf	Decoction	[19]
Trema orientalis	Ulmaceae	Charcoal tree	Leaves	Decoction	[14, 17]
Talinum triangulare	Portulacaceae	Water leaf	Leaf	Decoction	[19]
Vernonia amygdalina Delile.	Asteraceae	Bitter leaf	Leaves and Root	Decoction	[14, 16, 17, 21]
Vernonia conferta	Asteraceae	Cabbage tree	Root and bark	Decoction	[14, 18]
Zingiber officinale	Zingiberaceae	Ginger	Root	Mastication	[14, 17]