An Updated List of Neuromedicinal Plants of Pakistan, Their Uses, and Phytochemistry

Table 3

Traditionally used medicinal plants for the treatment of various neurological diseases.

S #	Botanical Name	Local Name	Family	Habitat	Part Used	Used for	Mode of Applications	Location	Reference
1	Achyranthes aspera	Ayokanda	Amaranthaceae	Herb	Leaves and Shoot	Nerve tonic	Paste of dried leaves and shoots is applied on head	Sargodha	[104]
2	Ailanthus altissima	Backyanra	Simarubacea	Tree	Bark	Hysteria	Decoction of bark to make tea	Malakand	[105]
3	Albizia lebbeck	Sirin	Mimosaceae	Tree	Roots	Depression, Migraine and Anxiety	Decoction of root to make tea	Mianwali	[106]
4	Allium sativum	Ooga	Amaryllidaceae	Herb	Bulbs and Leaves	Hysteria and Epilepsy	Decoction of bulbs and leaves	Swat	[107]
5	Alnus nitida	Geiray	Betulaceae	Tree	Flowers	Insomnia	Powder of dried flowers mixed with water and used orally	Dir	[108]
6	Alternanthera sessilis	Waglon	Amaranthaceae	Herb	Leaves	Neuralgia and Sedative	Sniffing of leaves sap	Bahawalpur	[109]
7	Anagallis arvensis	Billy booti	Primulaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Nervine, mania and Epilepsy	Extract of whole plant	Bahawalpur	[109]
8	Artemisia scoparia	Jaukay	Asteraceae	Herb	Roots	Epilepsy	Powder of roots taken with water	Dir	[108]
9	Asparagus officinalis	Phala-moosa	Asparagaceae	Herb	Leaves	Insomnia	Tea of leaves are used on empty stomach	Lahore	[110]
10	Atropa accuminata	Bargak	Solanaceae	Herb	Leaves	Insomnia and narcotic	Powder of leaves are taken with water	Dir	[108]
11	Avena fatua	Jodal	Poaceae	Herb	Seeds	Depression and nervous exhaustion	Either the seeds fluid extract or oatmeal obtained by crushing and grinding seeds	Dera Ghazi Khan	[111]
12	Avena sativa	Jai	Poaceae	Herb	Seeds	Nerve tonic and Insomnia	A tincture of juice of immature seeds	Islamabad	[112]
13	Bacopa monnieri	Brahmi sak	Scrophulariaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Epilepsy	Extract of whole plant is taken orally	Mianwali	[106]
14	Buglossoides arvensis	Kalu	Boraginaceae	Herb	Leaves	Insomnia	Infusion of leaves is used orally	Kotli	[113]
15	Caltha alba	Makanpat	Ranunculaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Insomnia	Extract of whole plant	Dir	[108]
16	Campanula pallida	Beli Flower	Campanulaceae	Herb	Flowers	Insomnia	An infusion of flowers is used orally	Kotli	[113]
17	Cannabis Sativa	Bhang	Cannabaceae	Herb	Flowers	Insomnia	The ground flowers are used by mixing with other fruits	Bannu	[114]
18	Capparis decidua	kdler	Capparidaceae	Shrub	Flowers, fruits and shoots	Insomnia	The powder of flowers and shoots while fruits are eaten as such	Gawadar	[115]
19	Capparis spinosa	Kawir	Capparidaceae	Shrub	Whole plant	Mental disorders	Fresh extract of whole plant is used	Gilgat	[116]
20	Carthamus tinctorius	Tukhmiga-rtum	Asteraceae	Herb	Roots, oil and flowers	Insomnia	Decoction of roots to make tea while oil is applied externally	Rawalpindi	[117]
21	Celtis australis	Karr	Cannabaceae	Tree	Bark	Epilepsy	Decoction of bark is used orally	Sargodha	[118]
22	Cenchrus pennisetiformis	Cheetah- gha	Poaceae	Herb	Leaves and fruits	Epilepsy	Extracts and juice of leaves and fruits	Hafizabad	[119]
23	Citrullus colocynthis	Tumma	Cucurbitaceae	Climber	Roots and fruits	Epilepsy	The extract of roots is taken with water while fruit’s powder is mixed with sugar	Jhelum	[120]
24	Citrus limon	Nimboo	Rutaceae	Tree	Whole plant	Anxiety and Depression	whole plant extract	Bahawalpur	[109]
25	Citrus medica	Khatti	Rutaceae	Tree	Leaves, seeds, latex	Insomnia	Powder of leaves, seeds and dry latex are taken orally with water	Bahawalpur	[109]
26	Colebrookia oppositifolia	Lansa	Lamiaceae	Shrub	Leaves and roots	Epilepsy	Fresh leaves extract and roots decoction tea is taken orally	Malakand	[121]
27	Commiphora wightii	Guggul, Mukul	Burseraceae	Herb	Gum	Nervous diseases	The aqueous extract of gum is used	Muzaffarabad	[122]
28	Convolvulus arvensis	Baily	Convolvulaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Epilepsy	whole plant extract	Malakand	[121]
29	Cucurbita maxima	Walayti kadoo	Cucurbitaceae	Climber	Fruits	Nervous disorders	Juice of both unripe and ripe fruits is used	Azad Jammu & Kashmir	[123]
30	Cuscuta reflexa	Bepari, Kasus	Cuscutaceae	Tree	Seeds	Insomnia	An infusion of seed is used	Muzaffarabad	[122]
31	Cymbopogon citratus	Lemon- grass	Poaceae	Herb	Oil of whole plant	Nervous system tonic	Oil is externally applied on head	Bahawalpur	[109]
32	Cynodon dactylon	Lawn grass	Poaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Epilepsy and Hysteria	Extracted juice of plant is used	Dera Ghazi Khan	[111]
33	Cyperus rotundus	Deela	Cyperaceae	Herb	Tubers	Epilepsy	Oil obtained from tubers are used	Bahawalnagar	[124]
34	Datura alba	Datura	Solanaceae	Shrub	Leaves and seeds	Neuralgia, Epilepsy, Hysteria and Insomnia	Lotion of seed’s powder is applied locally for neuralgia while tea of leaves is used for Epilepsy	Bahawalpur	[109]
35	Datura innoxia	Datura	Solanaceae	Herb	Leaves	Epilepsy and Insomnia	Extract of leaves in water	Dir	[108]
36	Datura metel	Dhaturo	Solanaceae	Herb	Leaves and seeds	Epilepsy and Insomnia	Leaves extract and seed’s decoction are used	Muzaffarabad	[122]
37	Datura stramonium	Datura	Solanaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Insomnia and Parkinson	Extraction of whole plant is used	Dera Ghazi Khan	[111]
38	Daucus carota	Gajar	Apiaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Nerve tonic	Eaten as a whole or its juice is used	Sargodha	[104]
39	Eclipta alba	Bhringaraj	Asteraceae	Herb	Roots, oil and leaves	Insomnia	Oil is externally applied while roots and leaves extract is used orally	Bahawalpur	[109]
40	Eruca sativa	Tara meera	Cruciferaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Epilepsy	Fluid extraction of plant is used	Islamabad	[112]
41	Evolvulus alsinoides	Sankha-holi	Convolvulaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Epilepsy	Decoction of whole plant is used	Islamabad	[112]
42	Ficus lyrata	Beeri patta	Moraceae	Tree	Leaves	Migraine	Extraction of leaves is used orally	Bahawalpur	[109]
43	Flueggea leucopyrus	Shina	Phyllanthaceae	Shrub	Roots	Epilepsy	Decoction and extraction of roots are used	Dir	[125]
44	Fumaria indica	Pitpapra	Fumariaceae	Herb	Leaves and stem	Insomnia	Fresh juice of leaves and stem is used	Rawalpindi	[117]
45	Gmelina arborea	Kumbar	Lamiaceae	Tree	Roots	Epilepsy	Extraction and decoction of roots tea is used	Sargodha	[118]
46	Hyoscyamus niger	Ajwain-i- Khurasani	Solanaceae	Herb	Leaves and seeds	Insomnia and Nervous afflection	Extraction of fresh leaves and powder of seeds are used orally	Gilgat	[126]
47	Hypericum perforatum	Bulhsana	Hypericaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Depression and Insomnia	Fresh extract of whole plant is used orally	Gujrat	[127]
48	Hyssopus officinalis	Zufa, Zupa	Lamiaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Nervous affection	Extraction of fresh whole plant	Ziarat	[128]
49	Indigofera heterantha	Kainthi	Papilionaceae	Shrub	Whole plant	Epilepsy and neuropathy	Extract of whole plant is used	Gilgat	[116]
50	Jasminum grandiflorum	Chanbeli	Oleaceae	Climber	Whole plant	Anxiety, tension and Depression	Oil or tea of leaves and flowers extract are used	Bahawalpur	[109]
51	Jasminum officinale	Chanbeli	Oleaceae	Climber	Whole plant	Insomnia	Oil is rubbed on heart as nerve sedative	Swat	[107]
52	Juglans regia	Ghuz	Juglandaceae	Tree	Fruits	Depression	Fruits are taken as whole orally	Malakand	[105]
53	Lactuca serriola	Berham dandi	Asteraceae	Herb	Whole plant	Memory Enhancing	Fresh plant is ground in water along with black pepper	Jhelum	[120]
54	Linum usitatissimum	Alsi	Linaceae	Herb	Stem	Depression, Schizophrenia and Anxiety	Extraction of fresh stem is used	Kotli	[113]
55	Lycopersicon esculentum	Tamator	Solanaceae	Herb	Fruits	Nervous weakness	Eaten as a whole or its juice is used	Sargodha	[104]
56	Martricaria chamomilla	Babuna	Asteraceae	Herb	Whole plant	Insomnia	Extraction of whole plant is used orally and oil massage or aromatherapy into skin of head is performed	Rawalpindi	[117]
57	Martynia annua.	Bichhu-butti	Martyniaceae	Herb	Leaves and fruits	Epilepsy	Juice of leaves or leaves are cooked to make curry and fruits are taken as dry powder with water	Kotli	[113]
58	Melia azedarach	Bakyana	Meliaceae	Tree	Leaves	Hysteria	Decoction of leaves to makes tea	Malakand	[105]
59	Mimordica dioca	Jungli karela	Cucurbitaceae	Climber	Fruits and seeds	Insomnia	Fruit’s extract and seed oil are used	Mianwali	[129]
60	Moringa oleifera	Sohan-jana	Moringaceae	Tree	Seeds and bark	Migraine	Seeds oil used externally while powder of leaves	Gujrat	[127]
61	Ocimum basilicum	Niazbo	Lamiaceae	Herb	Leaves, flowers, seeds and roots	Migraine, Insomnia and Depression	Juice of fresh leaves and flowers while oil of seeds is applied externally on head	Bahawalnagar	[124]
62	Paeonia emodi	Mamaikh	Paeoniaceae	Herb	Rhizome	Epilepsy	Rhizome powder is given teaspoon twice a day	Malakand	[105]
63	Papaver dubium	Koko-kanga	Papaveraceae	Herb	Flowers	Insomnia	Fluid extract of flowers is used	Kotli	[113]
64	Papaver hybridum	Post	Papaveraceae	Herb	Fruits	Insomnia	Fruit and its decoction are used	Jhelum	[120]
65	Papaver nudicaule	Zangali kashkash	Papaveraceae	Herb	Flowers	Insomnia	Fluid extract of flowers is used	Buner	[130]
66	Papaver rhoeas	Alak jinai	Papaveraceae	Herb	Flowers	Insomnia	Fluid extract of flowers is used	Buner	[130]
67	Papaver somniferum	Qash-Qash	Papaveraceae	Herb	Fruit’s latex	Insomnia	Latex of unripe fruit is dissolved in water and used orally	Swat	[107]
68	Parthenium hysterophorus	Ragweed	Asteraceae	Herb	Leaves	Insomnia	Leaves extraction is used	Buner	[130]
69	Peganum harmala	Harmal	Zygophyllaceae	Herb	Seeds	Hysteria	A small amount of seeds added to sufficient grapes juice, boiled to make thick solution and used orally	Dera Ghazi Khan	[111]
70	Populus caspica	Nakhtar	Pinaceae	Tree	Fruits	Insomnia	Whole raw fruits are consumed	Malakand	[105]
71	Primula veris	Cowslips	Primulaceae	Herb	Flowers	Insomnia	A tasty wine of flowers is made which is used orally	Gilgat	[126]
72	Prunus persica	Ardou	Rosaceae	Tree	Leaves, flowers and fruits	Insomnia	Extract of leaves & flowers and fruits are taken as such	Gilgat	[126]
73	Punica granatum	Darrona	Punicaceae	Shrub	Fruits	Memory enhancing	Fruit’s juice or fresh seeds are eaten as such	Azad Jammu & Kashmir	[123]
74	Pyrus communis	Nashpatai	Rosaceae	Tree	Fruits	Insomnia	Fruits are eaten as such	Dir	[131]
75	Pyrus pashia	Tangai	Rosaceae	Herb	Fruits	Insomnia	Fruits are eaten as such	Swat	[107]
76	Ranunculus muricatus	Ziar Gulay	Ranunculaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Sciatic and nerve pain	Extraction of dried whole plant is used	Swat	[132]
77	Raphanus sativus	Mooli	Brassicaceae	Herb	Seeds	Nervous weakness	Decoction of seeds is used	Sargodha	[104]
78	Ricinus communis	Arand	Euphorbiaceae	Shrub	Roots, seeds, leaves	Insomnia and as narcotic	Extract of leaves and roots while oil of seeds are used	Rawalpindi	[117]
79	Salvadora oleoides	Peelu	Salvadoraceae	Tree	Whole plant	Epilepsy	Fruit is eaten as raw while tea of leaves and roots are also used	Bahawalpur	[109]
80	Schinus molle	False pepper	Anacardiaceae	Tree	Bark and leaves	Depression	Decoction of bark and leaves to make tea	Sargodha	[118]
81	Scutellaria chamaedrifolia	Skullcap	Lamiaceae	Herb	Shoots	Insomnia and Depression	Decoction of shoots to make its tea	Swat	[133]
82	Solanum miniatum	Peelak	Solanaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Insomnia	whole plant decoction is mixed with sugar	Jhelum	[120]
83	Solanum nigrum	Mako	Solanaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Insomnia	Juice of whole plant	Bahawalpur	[109]
84	Solanum Surratense	Wara-mara ghinrhye	Solanaceae	Herb	Fruits	Melancholia and Depression	The paste of fruits crushed powders is applied on head externally	Bannu	[114]
85	Taxus baccata	Banhya	Taxaceae	Tree	Leaves and fruits	Epilepsy	Extraction of dried leaves and fruits are consumed as such	Swat	[134]
86	Taxus wallichiana	Barmi	Taxaceae	Tree	Bark, leaves and fruits	Epilepsy and Insomnia	Extract of dried bark and leaves while flesh of fruits are consumed	Battagram	[135]
87	Terminalia arjuna	Arjun	Combretaceae	Tree	Fruits, bark and leaves	Anxiety	Bark infusion left whole night, then its decoction taken early in the morning and used orally	Bahawalpur	[109]
88	Tribulus terrestris	Bakhra	Zygophyllaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Epilepsy and Depression	Powder of dried whole plant	Bahawalnagar	[124]
89	Valeriana jatamansi	Mushk-bala	Vahliaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Epilepsy and neurosis	Fresh extract of whole plant	Muzaffarabad	[122]
90	Verbascum thapsus	Jungle tambako	Scrophulariceae	Herb	Roots	Migraine	Decoction of root to make tea to use as drink	Mianwali	[106]
91	Verbena officinalis	Shamkay	Verbenaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Depression, Migraine and Epilepsy	Extract of dried whole plant is used	Battagram	[135]
92	Viburnum cotinifolium	Guch	Caprifoliaceae	Shrub	Stem’s bark	Insomnia	Extract of stem’s bark	Muzaffarabad	[122]
93	Viburnum opulus	Sunaira Phul	Caprifoliaceae	Shrub	Bark	Insomnia and Hysteria	Decoction of bark is used	Muzaffarabad	[122]
94	Viburnum prunifolium	Blackhaw	Caprifoliaceae	Tree	Root’s bark	Hysteria, Anxiety and Epilepsy	Decoction of root’s bark is used	Muzaffarabad	[122]
95	Vicia sativa	Muttri	Papilionaceae	Herb	Flowers	Epilepsy and nervous disorders	The juice of flowers petals is used	Kotli	[113]
96	Viola betonicifolia	Banafsh	Violaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Epilepsy and nervous disorders	Fresh extract of whole plant orally	Malakand	[105]
97	Viola canescens	Banafsha	Violaceae	Herb	Whole plant	Insomnia and Epilepsy	Extract and decoction tea of whole plant	Swat	[133]
98	Withania coagulans	Paneer doda	Solanaceae	Herb	Fruits, roots and leaves	Nervous Exhaustion, memory loss and tension	Extract of leaves, roots and fruits are used	Bahawalnagar	[124]
99	Withania somnifera	Asgandh	Solanaceae	Shrub	Roots	Insomnia	Powder of roots is taken with water	Bahawalpur	[109]
100	Xanthium strumarium	Chota dhatura	Asteraceae	Herbs	Fruits, seeds and roots	Insomnia	Decoction of fruits, roots and seeds to make tea	Attock	[136]
101	Ziziphus jujuba	Beri	Rhamnaceae	Tree	Leaves, roots and fruits	Anxiety and Insomnia	Extract of leaves, decoction of roots and dried fruits are consumed	Bahawalnagar	[124]
102	Ziziphus mauritiana	Ber	Rhamnaceae	Tree	Roots	Nerve tonic	Decoction of roots is used as tea	Sargodha	[104]
103	Ziziphus nummularia	Jangli beri	Rhamnaceae	Shrub	Leaves and fruits	Insomnia	Extract of leaves while fruits are taken as such	Attock	[136]