The Influence of Carrier Oils on the Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of Essential Oils

Table 3

Antimicrobial activity (mg/mL) of essential oils combined with carrier oils against skin pathogens.

B. agri ATCC 51663
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	0.50		1.25	1.00	1.25	2.00	2.50	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	0.50	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.63	0.50	0.63	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	1.00	2.00	1.50	1.00	0.75	2.00	1.50	1.00	0.75	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.50
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	1.00	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.75	0.50	0.38†	1.00	0.75	1.50	1.13
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	0.38	0.38	0.60	0.44	0.69	0.38	0.60	0.38	0.60	0.50	0.78	0.35	0.55
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	0.25	1.00	2.25	0.50	1.13	0.50	1.13	0.50	1.13	0.50	1.13	0.50	1.13
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	0.38	1.00	1.57	0.50	0.78	0.50	0.78	0.33	0.52	0.75	1.17	1.00	1.57
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	0.50	2.00	2.50	1.50	1.88	1.00	1.25	2.00	2.50	1.00	1.25	2.00	2.50
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	0.50	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	0.75	0.94	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	1.00	2.00	1.50	1.00	0.75	2.00	1.50	1.00	0.75	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.50
Laurus nobilis (bay)	0.50	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.63	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.63	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.63
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	1.00	1.50	1.13	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.75	1.50	1.13	2.00	1.50
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	0.38	0.50	0.78	0.50	0.78	0.50	0.78	0.50	0.78	0.50	0.78	0.50	0.78
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	0.13	0.80	3.28	0.50	2.05	0.50	2.05	0.50	2.05	0.50	2.05	0.75	3.07
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	1.00	1.50	1.13	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.75	1.50	1.13
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	1.00	3.00	2.25	1.00	0.75	2.00	1.50	1.00	0.75	2.00	1.50	1.00	0.75
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	1.00	1.00	0.75	0.75	0.56	1.00	0.75	0.50	0.38	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.75
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	0.09	0.60	3.48	0.19	1.10	0.13	0.73	0.25	1.45	0.60	3.48	0.50	2.90
Santalum album (sandalwood)	0.31	0.38	0.70	0.31	0.58	0.30	0.56	0.31	0.58	0.31	0.58	0.31	0.58
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	0.50	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	1.50	1.88	1.00	1.25
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	0.50	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	0.75	0.94	0.50	0.63	0.75	0.94	1.00	1.25
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	0.50	2.00	2.50	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.25
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	0.05	0.25	2.56	0.25	2.56	0.25	2.56	0.25	2.56	0.38	3.84	0.25	2.56
B. epidermidis DSM 20660
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	0.50	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.13	0.50	0.75	0.13	0.19
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	1.50	0.75	0.63	1.00	0.58	0.75	0.63	1.20	0.55	0.75	0.63	0.75	0.63
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	0.50	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.50	1.00	1.13	0.50	0.75	0.75	1.13
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	1.50	1.00	0.83	2.00	1.17	0.75	0.63	2.00	0.92	0.75	0.63	0.75	0.63
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	0.25	0.25	0.63	0.75	1.69	0.25	0.63	0.50	1.06	0.25	0.63	0.25	0.63
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	0.50	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.13	0.50	0.75	0.50	0.75
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	0.50	1.00	1.50	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.13	0.50	0.75	0.50	0.75
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	0.50	2.00	3.00	2.00	2.50	1.00	1.50	0.25	0.28	2.50	3.75	2.00	3.00
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	0.50	0.50	0.75	2.00	2.50	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.13	0.50	0.75	0.50	0.75
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	1.00	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.75	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.63	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75
Laurus nobilis (bay)	0.25	0.38	0.94	0.50	1.13	0.50	1.25	0.50	1.06	0.50	1.25	0.50	1.25
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	1.00	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.75	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.63	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	1.00	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.75	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.63	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	1.00	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.75	0.75	0.75	2.00	1.25	0.75	0.75	1.00	1.00
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	0.50	1.00	1.50	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.50	1.00	1.13	2.00	3.00	1.00	1.50
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	1.00	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.75	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.63	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	1.00	0.75	0.75	1.50	1.13	0.75	0.75	1.00	0.63	0.75	0.75	0.75	0.75
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	0.50	0.09	0.14	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.13	0.50	0.75	0.40	0.60
Santalum album (sandalwood)	0.25	0.25	0.63	0.25	0.56	0.25	0.63	0.25	0.53	0.25	0.63	0.25	0.63
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	0.50	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.13	0.50	0.75	0.50	0.75
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	0.38	0.50	0.91	0.50	0.78	0.50	0.91	0.50	0.72	0.50	0.91	0.50	0.91
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	0.50	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.75	1.00	1.13	1.00	1.50	0.50	0.75
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	0.19	0.19	0.60	0.50	1.44	0.19	0.60	0.50	1.38	0.25	0.78	0.19	0.60
B. linens DSM 20425
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.56	0.75	0.56	1.50	0.84	1.00	0.58	1.00	0.75
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	0.50	1.00	1.06	1.00	1.06	0.45	0.56	0.50	0.53	0.50	0.54	0.75	0.94
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	2.00	0.50	0.16	1.70	0.53	1.10	0.55	1.75	0.55	1.75	0.58	1.20	0.60
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.75	2.00	1.13	1.00	0.58	0.75	0.56
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	0.38	0.50	0.69	0.38	0.52	0.38	0.60	0.38	0.52	0.38	0.52	0.38	0.60
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	0.50	0.50	0.53	1.00	1.06	0.50	0.63	0.50	0.53	0.50	0.54	0.45	0.56
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	0.75	0.75	0.55	1.00	0.73	0.60	0.55	1.00	0.73	0.75	0.56	0.75	0.69
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	1.00	1.00	0.56	2.00	1.13	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.58	1.00	0.75
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	0.50	0.50	0.53	1.00	1.06	0.50	0.63	1.00	1.06	0.50	0.54	0.63	0.78
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	2.00	0.50	0.16	1.75	0.55	1.50	0.75	1.75	0.55	2.00	0.67	1.25	0.63
Laurus nobilis (bay)	0.50	0.50	0.53	0.75	0.80	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.53	0.75	0.81	0.50	0.63
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.56	1.17	0.88	1.00	0.56	2.00	1.17	1.00	0.75
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	0.50	0.75	0.80	1.00	1.06	0.50	0.63	1.00	1.06	0.63	0.68	0.63	0.78
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	0.50	1.00	1.06	1.00	1.06	0.50	0.63	1.00	1.06	0.50	0.54	1.00	1.25
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	1.50	1.50	0.59	1.50	0.59	1.00	0.58	1.30	0.51	1.50	0.63	1.00	0.58
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.56	0.75	0.56	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.58	0.75	0.56
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.56	1.50	1.13	1.00	0.56	1.25	0.73	0.75	0.56
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	0.75	0.75	0.55	0.75	0.55	0.75	0.69	0.75	0.55	0.75	0.56	0.75	0.69
Santalum album (sandalwood)	0.25	0.50	1.03	0.25	0.52	0.50	1.13	0.25	0.52	0.50	1.04	0.50	1.13
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	0.75	0.25	0.18	1.00	0.73	0.75	0.69	0.75	0.55	0.75	0.56	0.63	0.57
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	0.50	0.50	0.53	0.75	0.80	0.50	0.63	1.00	1.06	0.50	0.54	0.50	0.63
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.56	1.50	1.13	1.00	0.56	1.50	0.88	0.75	0.56
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	0.19	1.00	2.69	0.50	1.35	0.33	0.96	0.50	1.35	0.50	1.36	0.19	0.54
S. aureus ATCC 25924
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	2.00	2.00	0.60	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	1.00	2.00	0.75
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	0.75	1.00	0.72	1.00	0.79	1.00	0.79	1.00	0.79	1.00	0.92	1.00	0.79
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	2.00	2.00	0.60	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	1.00	3.00	1.13
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	2.00	2.67	0.80	3.00	1.13	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.50	2.00	1.00	2.00	0.75
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	1.00	1.00	0.55	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.63
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	1.00	1.00	0.55	1.00	0.63	2.00	1.25	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.63
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	0.50	1.50	1.58	1.00	1.13	1.50	1.69	1.00	1.13	1.00	1.25	2.00	2.25
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	2.00	4.00	1.20	8.00	3.00	2.00	0.75	8.00	3.00	4.00	2.00	5.00	1.88
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	1.00	2.00	1.10	3.00	1.88	2.00	1.25	3.00	1.88	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.25
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	2.00	2.00	0.60	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	5.00	2.50	2.00	0.75
Laurus nobilis (bay)	1.00	1.00	0.55	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.63	2.00	1.50	1.00	0.63
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	4.00	3.00	0.53	2.50	0.63	2.50	0.63	4.00	1.00	2.00	0.75	2.50	0.63
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	1.00	1.00	0.55	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.63
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	1.00	1.00	0.55	1.00	0.63	1.50	0.94	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.63
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	2.00	2.00	0.60	2.00	0.75	3.00	1.13	2.00	0.75	2.00	1.00	2.00	0.75
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	1.00	2.00	1.10	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.25
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	1.00	2.00	1.10	2.00	1.25	3.00	1.88	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.25
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	0.50	2.00	2.10	1.00	1.13	2.00	2.25	1.50	1.69	2.00	2.50	1.00	1.13
Santalum album (sandalwood)	0.50	0.50	0.53	0.50	0.56	0.50	0.56	0.50	0.56	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.56
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	1.00	2.00	1.10	2.00	1.25	1.00	0.63	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.25
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	0.88	1.50	0.93	1.50	1.04	1.00	0.69	1.00	0.69	1.50	1.23	1.00	0.69
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	1.00	2.00	1.10	2.00	1.25	3.00	1.88	2.00	1.25	4.00	3.00	2.00	1.25
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	0.50	0.75	0.79	0.50	0.56	1.00	1.13	0.50	0.56	1.00	1.25	0.50	0.56
MRSA ATCC 43300
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	4.00	3.00	0.56	4.00	0.86	3.00	0.75	4.00	0.88	2.50	0.63	3.00	0.75
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	1.50	2.00	0.79	2.00	0.85	2.00	0.92	2.00	0.86	2.00	0.92	1.20	0.55
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	4.00	4.00	0.75	4.00	0.86	2.50	0.63	8.00	1.77	4.00	1.00	4.00	1.00
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	4.00	6.00	1.13	4.00	0.86	6.00	1.50	4.00	0.88	8.00	2.00	4.00	1.00
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	0.50	1.00	1.06	1.00	1.09	1.00	1.13	1.00	1.10	1.00	1.13	1.00	1.13
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	1.00	2.00	1.13	2.00	1.18	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.60	2.00	1.25	1.00	0.63
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	1.50	2.00	0.79	2.00	0.85	1.50	0.69	3.00	1.29	2.00	0.92	1.50	0.69
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	2.00	6.00	1.88	8.00	2.71	4.00	1.50	8.00	2.77	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.50
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	2.00	4.00	1.25	6.00	2.04	3.00	1.13	3.00	1.04	5.00	1.88	4.00	1.50
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	5.00	4.00	0.65	4.00	0.76	4.00	0.90	3.00	0.59	4.00	0.90	3.00	0.68
Laurus nobilis (bay)	1.00	2.00	1.13	2.00	1.18	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.19	2.00	1.25	1.00	0.63
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	2.00	4.00	1.25	4.00	1.36	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.38	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.50
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	1.00	2.00	1.13	3.00	1.77	1.00	0.63	2.00	1.19	1.50	0.94	1.00	0.63
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	0.50	1.00	1.06	1.00	1.09	1.00	1.13	2.00	2.19	1.00	1.13	1.00	1.13
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	2.00	3.00	0.94	4.00	1.36	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.38	4.00	1.50	2.00	0.75
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	2.00	4.00	1.25	4.00	1.36	4.00	1.50	8.00	2.77	4.00	1.50	2.00	0.75
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	1.00	2.00	1.13	4.00	2.36	2.00	1.25	4.00	2.38	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	1.00	3.00	1.69	4.00	2.36	2.00	1.25	4.00	2.38	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25
Santalum album (sandalwood)	0.50	0.50	0.53	1.00	1.09	0.50	0.56	1.00	1.10	0.75	0.84	0.50	0.56
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	2.00	2.00	0.63	2.00	0.68	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.38	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	1.00	2.00	1.13	2.00	1.18	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.19	2.00	1.25	1.50	0.94
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	2.00	2.00	0.63	4.00	1.36	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.38	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	0.50	1.00	1.06	2.00	2.18	0.50	0.56	1.00	1.10	1.00	1.13	0.75	0.84
GMRSA ATCC 33592
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	4.00	4.00	1.00	4.00	0.79	3.00	0.75	4.00	1.00	2.00	0.75	2.50	0.63
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	0.13	1.00	3.97	1.00	3.92	1.00	3.97	1.00	3.97	0.75	3.07	1.00	3.97
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	6.00	4.00	0.83	2.00	0.31	4.00	0.83	3.00	0.63	4.00	1.33	4.00	0.83
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	2.40	2.00	0.67	6.00	1.68	4.00	1.33	4.00	1.33	6.00	2.75	3.00	1.00
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	0.25	0.50	1.06	0.25	0.52	0.25	0.53	0.25	0.53	0.75	1.69	0.25	0.53
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	0.75	2.00	1.58	1.00	0.74	1.00	0.79	1.00	0.79	1.50	1.38	2.00	1.58
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	1.00	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.14	3.00	1.88	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.25
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	2.00	2.00	0.75	3.00	0.96	3.00	1.13	2.00	0.75	3.00	1.50	4.00	1.50
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	1.50	3.00	1.38	2.00	0.81	2.00	0.92	2.00	0.92	3.00	1.75	2.00	0.92
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	4.00	4.00	1.00	2.00	0.39	3.00	0.75	2.50	0.63	4.00	1.50	3.00	0.75
Laurus nobilis (bay)	1.00	1.50	0.94	1.50	0.86	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.63	1.50	1.13	1.00	0.63
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	2.00	4.00	1.50	2.00	0.64	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	4.00	2.00	4.00	1.50
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	1.00	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.14	1.00	0.63	2.00	1.25	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.63
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	0.50	1.50	1.69	1.00	1.07	1.00	1.13	1.00	1.13	1.00	1.25	1.00	1.13
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	2.00	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.29	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.50	3.00	1.50	2.00	0.75
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	2.00	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.29	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.50	3.00	1.50	3.00	1.13
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	1.00	3.00	1.88	2.00	1.14	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.25
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	0.25	1.75	3.72	1.00	2.07	1.80	3.83	1.80	3.83	1.50	3.38	1.80	3.83
Santalum album (sandalwood)	0.25	0.50	1.06	0.50	1.04	0.25	0.53	0.25	0.53	0.38	0.84	0.25	0.53
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	2.00	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.64	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	1.00	2.00	0.75
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	1.00	1.50	0.94	1.00	0.57	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.63	1.50	1.13	1.00	0.63
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	1.00	4.00	2.50	4.00	2.29	2.00	1.25	4.00	2.50	4.00	3.00	2.00	1.25
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	0.13	0.50	1.99	0.75	2.94	0.50	1.99	0.25	0.99	0.50	2.05	0.38	1.49
S. epidermidis ATCC 2223
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	2.00	2.00	0.56	2.00	0.56	2.00	0.56	1.50	0.42	8.00	2.67	6.00	1.69
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	1.00	2.00	1.06	1.50	0.80	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.17	2.00	1.06
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	3.00	3.00	0.59	2.00	0.40	3.00	0.59	4.00	0.79	4.00	1.00	4.00	0.79
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	4.00	8.00	1.25	4.00	0.63	4.00	0.63	3.50	0.55	8.00	1.67	12.00	1.88
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	0.50	1.00	1.03	3.00	3.09	1.00	1.03	2.00	2.06	0.75	0.81	1.00	1.03
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	1.00	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.53	2.00	1.06	1.00	0.58	1.00	0.53
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	1.00	1.00	0.53	2.00	1.06	1.50	0.80	1.50	0.80	2.00	1.17	2.00	1.06
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	2.00	6.00	1.69	6.00	1.69	3.00	0.84	6.00	1.69	4.00	1.33	6.00	1.69
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	2.00	2.00	0.56	3.00	0.84	2.00	0.56	3.00	0.84	2.75	0.92	2.00	0.56
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	2.00	6.00	1.69	4.00	1.13	4.00	1.13	4.00	1.13	6.00	2.00	2.00	0.56
Laurus nobilis (bay)	1.00	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.06	1.00	0.53	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.17	2.00	1.06
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	2.00	2.00	0.56	2.00	0.56	4.00	1.13	2.00	0.56	2.00	0.67	2.00	0.56
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	1.00	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.58	1.00	0.53
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	0.75	1.50	1.05	1.00	0.70	1.00	0.70	1.00	0.70	1.00	0.75	1.50	1.05
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	4.00	3.50	0.55	3.50	0.55	8.00	1.25	3.50	0.55	3.00	0.63	3.50	0.55
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	2.00	2.00	0.56	4.00	1.13	2.00	0.56	2.00	0.56	4.00	1.33	4.00	1.13
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	1.00	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.06	3.00	1.59	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.17	2.00	1.06
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	0.25	1.75	3.55	1.50	3.05	1.75	3.55	1.50	3.05	1.75	3.65	1.50	3.05
Santalum album (sandalwood)	0.13	0.25	0.97	0.63	2.42	0.50	1.94	0.38	1.45	0.50	1.96	0.38	1.45
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	3.00	3.00	0.59	3.00	0.59	4.00	0.79	3.00	0.59	6.00	1.50	4.00	0.79
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	1.00	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.17	1.50	0.80
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	0.75	2.00	1.40	1.50	1.05	3.00	2.09	1.00	0.70	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.40
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	0.13	1.00	3.88	0.75	2.91	0.50	1.94	0.75	2.91	0.50	1.96	0.50	1.94
P. acnes ATCC 11827
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsi; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	2.00	2.00	0.56	8.00	3.33	2.00	0.90	2.00	0.63	2.00	0.63	6.00	3.50
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	1.00	2.00	1.06	1.00	0.67	2.00	1.40	1.50	0.84	1.00	0.56	1.50	1.25
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	2.00	2.00	0.56	6.50	2.71	8.00	3.60	8.00	2.50	2.00	0.63	3.00	1.75
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	0.50	3.50	3.61	3.00	3.50	2.00	2.40	3.00	3.19	2.00	2.13	2.00	2.67
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	0.50	0.50	0.52	2.00	2.33	0.50	0.60	2.00	2.13	1.00	1.06	1.00	1.33
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	0.50	1.00	1.03	1.00	1.17	2.00	2.40	1.00	1.06	1.00	1.06	1.00	1.33
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	1.00	1.50	0.80	1.50	1.00	1.00	0.70	2.00	1.13	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.83
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	2.00	4.00	1.13	6.00	2.50	2.00	0.90	8.00	2.50	6.00	1.88	5.00	2.92
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	1.00	2.00	1.06	5.00	3.33	4.00	2.80	0.75	0.42	2.00	1.13	2.00	1.67
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	2.00	2.00	0.56	2.00	0.83	6.00	2.70	4.00	1.25	3.00	0.94	3.00	1.75
Laurus nobilis (bay)	1.00	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.33	3.00	2.10	2.00	1.13	1.50	0.84	1.50	1.25
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	2.00	2.00	0.56	2.00	0.83	2.00	0.90	4.00	1.25	1.50	0.47	2.00	1.17
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	0.55	1.00	0.94	1.00	1.08	2.00	2.22	2.00	1.94	2.00	1.94	2.00	2.48
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	0.88	1.50	0.90	1.00	0.73	2.00	1.54	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.63	1.50	1.35
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	2.00	4.00	1.13	2.00	0.83	3.00	1.35	2.00	0.63	6.00	1.88	6.00	3.50
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	1.00	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.33	2.00	1.40	5.00	2.81	2.00	1.13	2.00	1.67
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	1.00	2.00	1.06	2.00	1.33	2.00	1.40	2.00	1.13	2.00	1.13	2.00	1.67
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	0.50	1.00	1.03	2.00	2.33	1.50	1.80	2.00	2.13	1.00	1.06	2.50	3.33
Santalum album (sandalwood)	0.69	2.00	1.51	2.00	1.78	2.00	1.85	0.60	0.47	1.50	1.18	2.00	2.12
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	1.00	2.00	1.06	4.00	2.67	3.00	2.10	3.00	1.69	7.00	3.94	2.00	1.67
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	0.50	1.00	1.03	1.50	1.75	2.00	2.40	2.00	2.13	1.00	1.06	2.00	2.67
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	1.00	1.50	0.80	2.00	1.33	2.00	1.40	2.00	1.13	1.50	0.84	2.00	1.67
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	0.50	1.00	1.03	1.00	1.17	2.00	2.40	1.00	1.06	1.50	1.59	1.00	1.33
E. coli ATCC 8739
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	2.00	2.63	0.82	4.00	1.50	3.00	1.13	3.00	1.13	2.00	0.75	2.63	0.98
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	2.00	2.00	0.63	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	3.00	1.13
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	3.50	4.00	0.82	4.00	1.07	1.85	0.50	4.00	1.07	4.00	1.07	4.00	1.07
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	2.40	4.00	1.08	4.00	1.33	8.00	2.67	1.50	0.50	4.00	1.33	2.00	0.67
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	2.00	1.70	0.53	2.00	0.75	1.40	0.53	3.00	1.13	1.40	0.53	1.40	0.53
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	1.00	1.50	0.84	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	1.00	2.00	1.13	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	2.00	4.00	1.25	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.50
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	2.00	2.00	0.63	3.00	1.13	2.00	0.75	3.00	1.13	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	2.00	4.00	1.25	2.00	0.75	3.00	1.13	2.00	0.75	3.00	1.13	2.00	0.75
Laurus nobilis (bay)	1.00	3.00	1.69	2.00	1.25	4.00	2.50	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	2.00	4.00	1.25	2.00	0.75	3.00	1.13	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.50	2.00	0.75
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	1.75	2.00	0.70	3.00	1.23	4.00	1.64	2.00	0.82	2.00	0.82	2.00	0.82
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	1.00	3.00	1.69	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	2.00	4.00	1.25	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.50	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.50
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	2.00	4.00	1.25	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.50	4.00	1.50
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	2.00	4.00	1.25	2.00	0.75	6.00	2.25	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.50	2.00	0.75
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	0.88	1.50	0.95	2.00	1.39	2.00	1.39	2.00	1.39	2.00	1.39	2.00	1.39
Santalum album (sandalwood)	0.50	2.00	2.13	1.00	1.13	2.00	2.25	2.00	2.25	1.00	1.13	2.00	2.25
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	2.00	2.00	0.63	2.00	0.75	5.00	1.88	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.50
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	1.00	2.00	1.13	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25	2.00	1.25
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	2.00	4.00	1.25	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	2.00	0.75	4.00	1.50	2.00	0.75
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	0.60	2.00	1.79	2.00	1.92	3.00	2.88	2.00	1.92	3.00	2.88	1.00	0.96
P. aeruginosa ATCC 27858
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.83	0.50	0.39	1.00	1.00	2.00	2.00
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	0.75	2.00	2.33	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.75	0.71	1.00	1.17	1.50	1.75
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	1.50	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.67	1.00	0.67	2.00	1.24	1.50	1.25	1.00	0.83
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	1.50	2.00	1.67	2.00	1.33	1.00	0.67	2.00	1.24	1.50	1.25	1.00	0.83
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	3.00	2.50	2.00	1.57	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	1.00	1.50	1.50	1.00	0.83	1.50	1.25	1.00	0.79	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.79	0.58	0.58	1.50	1.50
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	2.00	2.00	1.50	2.00	1.17	1.00	0.58	3.00	1.61	2.00	1.50	1.00	0.75
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	1.50	1.25	1.00	0.79	2.00	2.00	1.00	1.00
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	2.00	1.67	1.00	0.79	3.00	3.00	1.00	1.00
Laurus nobilis (bay)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	2.00	1.67	1.00	0.79	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	3.00	2.50	1.00	0.79	1.50	1.50	1.00	1.00
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	2.00	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.58	1.00	0.58	1.00	0.54	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.75
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	1.50	3.00	2.50	1.00	0.67	1.00	0.67	1.00	0.62	1.00	0.83	1.50	1.25
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	2.00	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.58	1.00	0.58	1.00	0.54	1.00	0.75	1.50	1.13
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	1.50	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.67	1.50	1.00	1.00	0.62	1.50	1.25	1.00	0.83
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	2.00	1.00	0.75	1.00	0.58	1.50	0.88	1.00	0.54	2.50	1.88	1.00	0.75
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	2.00	1.67	2.00	1.57	1.00	1.00	0.75	0.75
Santalum album (sandalwood)	1.50	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.67	1.50	1.00	1.00	0.62	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.83
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.79	2.00	2.00	1.50	1.50
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.83	1.00	0.83	0.50	0.39	2.00	2.00	1.00	1.00
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	1.00	2.00	2.00	1.00	0.83	1.50	1.25	2.00	1.57	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	1.00	2.00	2.00	1.00	0.83	2.00	1.67	1.00	0.79	1.00	1.00	1.50	1.50
C. albicans ATCC 10231
		Aloe; vera		Calendula; officinalis		Hypericum; perforatum		Persea; americana		Prunus; armeniaca		Simmondsia; chinensis
Essential oil	EO MIC	MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC		MIC
Cananga odorata (ylang ylang)	1.00	1.50	0.84	1.00	0.53	1.50	0.94	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.56	1.50	0.88
Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon)	0.50	0.50	0.53	0.50	0.52	0.75	0.84	0.50	0.52	0.75	0.80	0.75	0.81
Citrus bergamia (bergamot)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.53	2.00	1.25	1.00	0.53	3.00	1.69	1.00	0.58
Citrus reticulata (mandarin)	2.00	1.75	0.55	3.00	0.84	1.00	0.51	6.00	1.69	2.00	0.63	1.55	0.52
Commiphora myrrha (myrrh)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.53	2.00	1.25	1.00	0.53	1.50	0.84	1.50	0.88
Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass)	0.63	0.75	0.64	0.63	0.52	1.00	0.92	0.63	0.52	1.00	0.86	0.75	0.66
Cymbopogon martinii (palmarosa)	0.75	1.50	1.09	1.00	0.70	1.00	0.79	1.00	0.70	1.00	0.73	1.00	0.75
Eucalyptus globulus (eucalyptus)	1.00	1.50	0.84	4.00	2.13	1.00	0.63	1.50	0.80	6.00	3.38	1.00	0.58
Helichrysum italicum (immortelle)	2.00	1.75	0.55	2.00	0.56	1.00	0.51	1.80	0.51	2.00	0.63	1.55	0.52
Kunzea ericoides (kanuka)	1.50	0.75	0.30	1.50	0.55	1.00	0.46	1.40	0.51	3.00	1.19	1.00	0.42
Laurus nobilis (bay)	1.00	1.25	0.70	1.00	0.53	1.50	0.94	1.50	0.80	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.58
Lavandula angustifolia (lavender)	1.00	0.80	0.45	1.00	0.53	1.50	0.94	1.00	0.53	1.50	0.84	1.50	0.88
Leptospermum scoparium (manuka)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.56	0.95	0.55
Litsea cubeba (may chang)	0.50	1.00	1.06	0.50	0.52	1.00	1.13	0.50	0.52	1.00	1.06	1.00	1.08
Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)	1.50	0.83	0.33	1.50	0.55	1.50	0.69	1.50	0.55	1.50	0.59	1.50	0.63
Melaleuca viridiflora (niaouli)	1.00	2.00	1.13	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.53	0.75	0.42	2.00	1.17
Melissa officinalis (lemon balm)	1.00	1.50	0.84	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.53	1.50	0.84	1.00	0.58
Pogostemon patchouli (patchouli)	1.00	1.25	0.70	6.00	3.19	1.00	0.63	2.00	1.06	1.00	0.56	1.25	0.73
Santalum album (sandalwood)	1.00	0.50	0.28	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.58
Styrax benzoin (benzoin)	2.00	1.00	0.31	2.00	0.56	8.00	3.00	1.00	0.28	1.00	0.31	1.00	0.33
Syzygium aromaticum (clove)	0.50	1.00	1.06	0.75	0.77	1.00	1.13	0.75	0.77	1.00	1.06	1.00	1.08
Thymus vulgaris (thyme)	1.00	4.375	2.46	1.00	0.53	2.00	1.25	1.00	0.53	1.50	0.84	1.00	0.58
Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver)	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.63	1.00	0.53	1.00	0.56	1.50	0.88

Noteworthy antimicrobial activity highlighted in bold.
Synergistic interactions highlighted in bold italics.