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| Ingredients | Main active compounds | Known effects & possible mechanisms of actions |
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| Apocynum (Apocynum venetum) | flavonol glycosides | protect LSP-induced heart, lung, kidney and liver injuries |
| | quercetin, hyperin | selectively inhibits neutrophil superoxide and peroxynitrite production, yet with intact bactericidal activity, preventive of LPS-induced emphysema |
| | plant-phenol (apocynin) | affects blood pressure, anti-inflammatory, anti-ischemic, anti-arthritic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-diabetic, anti-aging, antithrombic, anti-stress, anti-advanced glycation end products |
| | triacontanol, beta-sitosterol, lupeol | Exert long-lasting endothelium-dependent relaxant effect via stimulating nitric oxide production, ROS-scavenging Src/PI3K/Akt Pathway |
| | scopoletin and isofraxidin. | |
| | Isofraxidin and hyperin | |
| Gou Teng (Uncaria rhynchophylla) | indole alkaloids | |
| | rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline | Act against hypertension, asthma, cancer, cirrhosis, diabetes, stroke, rheumatism, bradycardia, arrhythmia, sedation, neurodegeneration, epileptic seizures, drug addiction, and cerebral ischemia, coagulation, endotoxemic |
| | triterpenes | protect cardiovascular/neural/neuroglial cells, modulate calcium and potassium ion channels and neurotransmitter transporters |
| | flavonoids | inhibit angiotensin II induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation, increased NO content and NOS activity |
| | phenols | Rhy and Iso rhy have endothelium-independent vasodilatory effects via L-type Ca2+ channels and other Ca2+ pathways |
| | phenylpropanoids | |
| Eucommia (Eucommia ulmoides) | lignans | have antihypertensive effect via regulating NO and renin-angiotensin system and direct artery relaxing effect. |
| | flavonoids, iridoids | have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antimicrobial, anticancer, antiaging, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties |
| | polysaccharides | protect against blood pressure renal injury, inhibit renal aldose reductase overexpression, inhibit Ang II-induced mesangial cells proliferation via cycle-related genes P21 and P27, and Bax |
| | terpenes | |
| Heal all (Prunella vulgaris) | triterpenoic acids, | anti-hypertensive, anti- allergic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-hyper cholesterol, |
| | flavonoids | anti-inflammation via inhibition of COX-2 and iNOS expression, ROS-scavenger, anti-proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells |
| | phenolics | stimulate blood circulation via inhibition of Na+/K+ -ATPase, inhibit inflammatory cytokines, |
| | diterpene, polysaccharides | inhibit ROS production, restore NO production |
| Senna (Cassia obtusifolia) | pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine | anti-hyperlipidemic, antihypercholesterol, anti-allergic via inhibiting histamine release, |
| | | improve SOD and NO activity, inhibit platelet aggregation |
| Gastrodia (Gastrodia elata) | gastrodin | affects blood pressure via reducing plasma endothelin levels, inhibiting angiotensin II, aldosterone and angiotensin type 1 receptor but increasing NO and PPARγ levels |
| | gastrodigenin | restores the impaired vasorelaxation and reduced eNOS |
| | 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities through inhibiting LPS-induced expression of iNOS and COX-2 |
| | 2,4-Bis(4-hydroxybenzyl) phenol | |
| Wild Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum indicum) | | dose-dependently decreased aortic blood pressure but increased coronary blood flow, renal blood flow, |
| | | induces coronary and systemic vasodilation with renal vasoconstriction |
| | | habits the inflammatory response and ischemic injury by suppressing NF-kappa and MAPKs activation |
| Rauwolfia (Rauvolfia yunnanensis) | indole alkaloids | can significantly reduce systolic blood pressure to the same degree as other first-line blood pressure maintenance drugs |
| | (reserpine, rescinnamine, reserpiline) | |
| | ajmaline, aricine, corynanthine |
| | deserpidine lankanescine rauwolscine | |
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