The Combination of Mulberry Extracts and Silk Amino Acids Alleviated High Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis by Improving Hepatic Insulin Signaling and Normalizing Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Rats

Table 3

Liver damage index and antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver.

	Normal-control; (n=10)	Disease-control (n=10)	MS1:3-L; (n=10)	MS1:3-H; (n=10)	MS1:5-L; (n=10)	MS1:5-H; (n=10)
Serum AST (U/L)	80.4 ± 5.7	94.1 ± 6.8	83.5 ± 6.2	77.0 ± 5.6	84.8 ± 5.9	75.0 ± 5.1
Serum ALT (U/L)	26.1 ± 3.5	41.7 ± 6.6	36.6 ± 4.3	28.8 ± 5.3	42.7 ± 58	33.2 ± 4.8
Serum γ-GPT (U/L)	48.4 ± 3.7	71.3 ± 6.2	64.7 ± 5.9	55.1 ± 5.3	62.7 ± 5.6	51.6 ± 5.8
Serum TNF-α (pg/mL)	23.4 ± 3.0	59.8 ± 5.1	45.3 ± 5.3	36.4 ± 4.2	34.5 ± 3.9	28.6 ± 3.1
Hepatic MDA (nmol/mg protein)	0.64 ± 0.05	0.93 ± 0.08	0.79 ± 0.07	0.71 ± 0.07	0.84 ± 0.07	0.78 ± 0.07
Hepatic SOD; (U/mg protein)	39.8 ± 3.5	27.3 ± 2.8	31.1 ± 3.6	36.4 ± 3.7	26.7 ± 3.1	30.5 ± 3.2
Hepatic GSH peroxide; (U/mg protein)	85.1 ± 6.3	65.4 ± 4.7	72.6 ± 4.9	78.3 ± 5.5	69.7 ± 5.3	73.4 ± 5.1
Hepatic GSH; (umol/g protein)	24.9 ± 2.3	22.8 ± 2.1	25.1 ± 2.2	27.7 ± 2.1	23.5 ± 2.5	24.8 ± 2.2
Hepatic TNF-α (pg/g tissue)	5.7 ± 0.6	9.2 ± 0.9	8.6 ± 0.9	7.9 ± 0.8	8.2 ± 0.8	7.1 ± 0.8

Values are means ± standard deviation. AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; γ-GPT, γ-glutamyl transferase; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; GSH, glutathione. Values are means ± standard deviation. Rats consumed high fat diets containing 0.2% (low dosage, -L) and 0.6% (high dosage, -H) of the mixture of mulberry extracts and silk amino acid (MS) and 0.6% cellulose (disease-control) for 12 weeks. MS1:3 and MS1:5 mixture contained 1:3 and 1:5 of mulberry extracts and silk amino acid, respectively. Sham rats were fed the same diet with the disease-control group as the normal-control.
Sham rats were fed the same diet with the disease-control group as the normal-control.
Means on the same row with different letters were significantly different by Tukey test at p < 0.05.