Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Review Article

Systematic Review of Basic Research on Alzheimer’s Disease with Shen Zhi Ling Oral Liquid

Table 1

Basic information on the included studies.


researcher	modeling method	observation indicators	Effect of Tiao Xin preparation

Sanli Xing 2016	APP/PS1 double transgenic mice	Spatial learning and memory ability, hippocampal region p62 expression	Significantly improved the learning and memory abilities of APP/PS1 mice and increased the expression of brain hippocampus p62.

Zhenzhen Liang 2013	APP/PS1 double transgenic mice	Spatial learning and memory ability, PS peak amplitude in hippocampal CA1 region, LTP level, CaMKII, PKC protein positive expression	Improved the spatial learning and memory ability, LTP level, positive expression of CaMKII and PKC protein in the model group.

GuoqinJin 2003	A fragment left cerebral ventricle injection	Spatial learning and memory ability, mitochondrial respiratory chain succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity, intracellular Ca²⁺ content in brain neurons, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in brain tissue, lipid peroxides product-malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, ultrastructure of mitochondria in cerebral cortex and hippocampus	Improved the spatial learning and memory abilities, mitochondrial respiratory chain succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase and cytochrome oxidase activity, intracellular Ca²⁺ content of brain neurons, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in brain tissue activity, peroxidation of lipid products - Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content, ultrastructure of mitochondria in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of AD rats in different levels.

Hong Qiu 2003	AD-like rats with oxidative injury induced by DHF and FeCl₃-ADP injection in the left ventricle	Spatial learning and memory ability, Aβ deposition in the cortex	spatial learning and memory disorders and reduced Aβ deposition were corrected

Yi Wang 2002	A fragment left cerebral ventricle injection	Spatial learning and memory, mitochondrial respiratory function (R3, R4, RCR, P/O, and OPR) and oxidase activity in the respiratory chain (cytochrome C oxidase, succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase)	Improved spatial learning and memory abilities, mitochondrial respiratory function in cortical cells and oxidase activity in the respiratory chain of model rats.

Wenxia Zhou 2002	SAMP8 mice	Gene expression of MR, tau, apoE,bcl-2,PS-2,APP,PS-1	The abnormal expression of MR, tau, and apoE in the hippocampus of 5-month-old SAMP8 mice and the abnormal expression of MR and bcl-2 in hippocampus of 12-month-old SAMP8 mice were corrected

Hui Zhou 2004	A fragment left cerebral ventricle injection	Effect of GFAP on hippocampal and cortical astrocytes, inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA levels, β-APP mRNA level	Decreasing the deposition of Aβ in brain tissue could induce astrocyte activation, abnormal increase of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 mRNA, and the levels of APP mRNA.

Yi Wang 2004	A fragment left cerebral ventricle injection	Ultrastructure of mitochondria in nerve cells	Relieved the damage of ultrastructure of mitochondria in nerve cells.

Pin Chu Xu 2000	A fragment left cerebral ventricle injection	Brain AchE activity, monoamine neurotransmitters (NE, DA, 5-HT) content	Improved the NE, DA, and 5-HT in the brain of AD model rats in different levels and no significant effect on AchE activity.

Hui Zhou 1998	spatial learning and memory impairment of AD model rats induced by β-amyloid protein (A) injection	Spatial learning and memory ability, cholinergic system (ChAT activity, AchE activity, M receptor) effects	Significantly improved the spatial learning and memory impairment induced by Aβ deposition. And decreasing ChAT activity and M receptor Rt values had no effect on AchE activity.

Xueyuan Liu 2005	AD-like lesion induced by A injection in unilateral amygdala	Brain amyloid β-, number of glial fibrillary acidic protein positive cells and mean absorbance, expression of brain APP mRNA	Decreased the amyloid expression of β-, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, and inhibited the expression of APP mRNA (751/770) in cerebral cortex and hippocampus.

Daojun Hong 2003a	AD-like lesion induced by A injection in unilateral amygdala	Spatial learning memory, intracerebral P35 protein, and phosphorylated tau protein	The mean incubation period of water maze was shortened, and the expression of P35 and phosphorylated tau protein was decreased.

Daojun Hong 2003b	A peptide fragment was injected into the unilateral amygdala of rats	Intracerebral AD - related proteins (phosphating tau protein, Aβ protein), intracerebral cell cycle - related proteins (cyclinA, cyclinB1)	The level of tau, Aβ, cyclinA, and cyclinB1 in the brain of model rats was decreased.

Xueyuan Liu 2004	Single side almond nucleus was injected into A in AD rats	Spatial learning and memory ability, ChAT system (ChAT activity and M receptor), deposition of A, abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein AT8, and expression of β-APP mRNA	Significantly improved spatial learning and memory disorder of AD model rats, improved the ChAT activity and the M receptor Rt value, reduced APP mRNA expression and A deposition, inhibited the abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein AT8.

Weikang Zhao 2001	Single side almond nucleus was injected into A in AD rat models	Spatial learning and memory function of AD model rats, A, GFAP,AT-8, and PHF-1, APP770/75lm RNA, TPK-l/GSK-3β, P38MAPKmRNA, compared with donepezil, the regulation effect of Tiao Xin preparation was discussed	The spatial learning and memory capacity of the model rats were significantly improved, the number of GFAP positive cells, the expression of A PP770/ 751 mRNA, and the deposition of A were decreased, tau protein phosphorylated kinase was inhibited, and tau protein abnormal phosphorylation was reduced.

Hong Qiu 2002a	AD-like rats with oxidative injury induced by DHF and FeCl₃-ADP injection in the left ventricle	Spatial learning and memory, brain mitochondrial respiration (R3, R4, RCR, P/O, OPR), and oxidase activity (succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, and CytC oxidase)	The spatial learning and memory capacity, brain mitochondrial respiration function (R3, R4, RCR, P/O, OPR, succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase) and CytC oxidase activity were significantly improved in the model mice.

Hong Qiu 2002b	AD-like rats with oxidative injury induced by DHF and FeCl₃-ADP injection in the left ventricle	Mitochondrial respiration in the brain (R3, R4, RCR, P/O, OPR), composite enzyme activity (succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, and CytC oxidase), cytochrome oxidase II mRNA expression	Improved mitochondrial respiratory function (R3, R4, RCR, P/O, OPR and succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase), the activity of cytochrome C oxidase and the expression of cytochrome oxidase II mRNA.

Guoqin Jin 2003	AD-like SD male rats with oxidative injury induced by DHF and FeCl₃-ADP injection in the left ventricle	Brain mitochondrial respiratory chain chlorinase activity (succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, and CytC oxidase), brain amino acid delivery (Glu, Gin, Asp, Gly, Tau, GABA), expression of NMDAR(NR1a and NR2a) mRNA in cerebral cortex	The content of amino acid delivery and the expression of NMDAR(NR1a and NR2a) mRNA in the brain tissue of the model rats were decreased, and the activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain cell pigment oxidase was increased.

Quan Sun 2003a	AD-like rats with oxidative injury induced by DHF and FeCl₃-ADP injection in the left ventricle	Spatial learning and memory ability, SOD, GSH-PX activity and MDA content, and ultrastructure of cerebral cortex and hippocampal mitochondria	The abnormal changes of spatial learning and memory capacity and mitochondrial ultrastructure in the model rats were significantly improved, the activity of brain SOD and GSH-PX enzyme and the content of MDA in the model rats were significantly increased.

Quan Sun 2003b	AD-like SD male rats with oxidative injury induced by DHF and FeCl₃-ADP injection in the left ventricle	Spatial learning and memory ability, SOD, GSH-PX activity and MDA content, and ultrastructure of cerebral cortex and hippocampal mitochondria	Improved the spatial learning and memory capacity of AD model mice, and inhibited the levels of NF-κB transcription factor and APP mRNA in brain tissue.

Guoqin Jin 2001	AD-like rats with oxidative injury induced by DHF and FeCl₃-ADP injection in the left ventricle	Spatial memory ability, brain mitochondrial respiratory chain energy metabolism enzyme (cytochrome oxidase) and succinate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase activity, type II cytochrome oxidase subunit mRNA expression level, cranial nerve yuan Ca²⁺ concentration and cerebral cortex in Aβ deposition	Significantly improved spatial memory ability of AD rats, pigment oxidase activity, and the Ca^{2 +} concentration in brain cells significantly. Lowered the number of positive cells associated with Aβ deposition in cerebral cortex and the average optical density of DAB staining.

Quan Sun 2002	Reactive oxygen AD rat models induced with oxidative damage	Spatial memory ability, activity of brain antioxidant enzyme (MDA), NF- acetyb transcription factor level, Glu, Gin and Asp content, mitochondrial ultrastructure	The activity of antioxidant enzymes in the brain was improved. The MDA generation, the active oxygen activation of the NF-kB, the deposition of Aβ, and ROS-induced excitatory amino acids toxicity were reduced. APP gene expression was lower. Calcium imbalance was prevented. Mitochondria structure was protected. Energy metabolism was improved.

Weikang Zhao 1998	The “dementia” rat models caused by unilateral electrolysis in the basal ganglia of forebrain in mice	Memory function, the cholinergic system (ChAT, AchE, M and N receptors), single amine neurotransmitter (NE, DA and 5HT) and some neuropeptides (SS and β- EP), and memory ability of model rats and natural aging mice	Significantly improved memory function of rat models. Improved ChAT activity in cortex and AchE activity in hippocampus and Rt value of M receptors and N receptors in cortex. Significantly increased NE, DA, and 5HT content in cerebral cortex and SS and β-EP in pituitary and plasma. Significantly improved memory function and learning ability of aging mice.

Yaming Li 2000a	The AD rat models were induced by the combination of D-galactose hypodermic injection and goosenic acid brain tissue directional injection	Ability of learning and memory, level of β-AP	Improved the learning and memory impairment of rats and decreased β-AP in intracerebral tissue.

Yaming Li 2000b	The AD rat models were induced by the combination of D-galactose hypodermic injection and goosenic acid brain tissue directional injection	Ability of learning and memory, level of acidified tau protein	Improved learning and memory impairment in rats. Decreased phosphorylation of tau protein levels in brain tissue.

Yaming Li 2000c	The AD rat models were induced by the combination of D-galactose hypodermic injection and goosenic acid brain tissue directional injection	Ability of learning and memory, cholinergic system (ChAT, AchE, M receptors)	Rt value of M receptor, activity of AchE and ChAT in cortex were upregulated. The learning and memory ability of mice was improved.

Some publications were different reports from the same author on the same study in the same year, which are distinguished by a, b, and c.