Gender Differences in the Prevalence of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Utilization among Adults with Arthritis in the United States

Table 4

Factors affecting ever used CAM for men and women adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from logistic regressions according to 2012 National Health Interview Survey.

	Women			Men
	AOR	95% CI	value	AOR	95% CI	value
Age group
22–39 (Ref.)
40–49	0.94	[0.68, 1.31]	0.727	1.01	[0.67, 1.53]	0.966
50–64	0.81	[0.61, 1.07]	0.132	0.80	[0.56, 1.13]	0.208
65, +	0.51	[0.37, 0.71]	<0.0001	0.64	[0.43, 0.95]	0.025
Race/ethnicity
White (Ref.)
African American	0.50	[0.40, 0.62]	<0.0001	0.45	[0.33, 0.61]	<0.0001
Latino	0.70	[0.53, 0.92]	0.011	0.60	[0.42, 0.86]	0.006
Other	0.68	[0.44, 1.06]	0.088	0.60	[0.36, 1.00]	0.050
Marital status
Never married (Ref.)
Married	1.07	[0.81, 1.41]	0.615	1.43	[1.02, 2.00]	0.037
Widow/sep/div	1.08	[0.83, 1.40]	0.575	1.48	[1.06, 2.07]	0.022
Education level
GT high school (Ref.)
LT high school	0.41	[0.32, 0.52]	<0.0001	0.52	[0.37, 0.71]	<0.0001
High school	0.55	[0.45, 0.66]	<0.0001	0.72	[0.57, 0.90]	0.004
Region
West (Ref.)
Northeast	0.47	[0.36, 0.62]	<0.0001	0.76	[0.54, 1.08]	0.122
Midwest	0.68	[0.53, 0.87]	0.0024	0.77	[0.57, 1.04]	0.084
South	0.47	[0.37, 0.61]	<0.0001	0.55	[0.42, 0.72]	<0.0001
Poverty status^†
High income (Ref.)
Poor	0.49	[0.37, 0.66]	<0.0001	0.52	[0.33, 0.82]	0.005
Near poor	0.71	[0.55, 0.93]	0.012	0.63	[0.46, 0.87]	0.005
Middle income	0.69	[0.55, 0.87]	0.002	0.84	[0.65, 1.09]	0.194
Missing	0.78	[0.59, 1.04]	0.096	0.71	[0.51, 0.99]	0.045
Insurance
Insured (Ref.)
Uninsured	1.12	[0.83, 1.52]	0.453	1.42	[0.99, 2.05]	0.059
General health
Excellent (Ref.)
Very good	1.05	[0.76, 1.43]	0.776	1.03	[0.72, 1.46]	0.871
Good	1.04	[0.76, 1.44]	0.793	1.27	[0.90, 1.79]	0.175
Fair	1.01	[0.69, 1.47]	0.977	1.09	[0.75, 1.58]	0.664
Poor	0.91	[0.59, 1.39]	0.651	1.58	[0.96, 2.58]	0.069
Functional limitation
No (Ref.)
Yes	1.38	[1.09, 1.75]	0.008	1.39	[1.12, 1.73]	0.003
^#Comorbid conditions
0 (Ref.)
1	1.21	[0.90, 1.63]	0.2139	1.06	[0.77, 1.44]	0.727
>=2	1.76	[1.33, 2.33]	<0.0001	0.96	[0.71, 1.28]	0.760
Body mass index
Normal weight (Ref.)
Under weight	1.21	[0.69, 2.11]	0.502	0.26	[0.05, 1.25]	0.093
Over weight	0.94	[0.75, 1.17]	0.554	0.86	[0.67, 1.10]	0.225
Obese	0.95	[0.77, 1.18]	0.661	0.85	[0.67, 1.09]	0.210
Missing	0.75	[0.49, 1.14]	0.176	1.53	[0.47, 4.96]	0.475
Smoking status
Never smoke (Ref.)
Past smoker	1.11	[0.90, 1.35]	0.329	1.18	[0.94, 1.47]	0.153
Current smoker	0.78	[0.63, 0.97]	0.026	0.83	[0.62, 1.12]	0.223
Alcohol drinking
Light/abstainer (Ref.)
Former drinker	1.44	[1.16, 1.79]	0.001	1.29	[0.92, 1.80]	0.142
Current drinker	1.87	[1.49, 2.34]	<0.0001	1.19	[0.83, 1.70]	0.343
Missing	0.72	[0.32, 1.63]	0.432	1.26	[0.43, 3.68]	0.673
Exercise
Weekly (Ref.)
Daily	1.07	[0.69, 1.65]	0.769	1.05	[0.70, 1.60]	0.806
Monthly/yearly	0.51	[0.40, 0.65]	<0.0001	0.90	[0.70, 1.16]	0.433
Unable	0.33	[0.21, 0.52]	<0.0001	0.81	[0.46, 1.41]	0.457
Missing	1.32	[0.45, 3.90]	0.612	0.32	[0.10, 1.06]	0.062

Logistic regression on CAM use by sex was based on adults, age over 21 years, who had arthritis. Logistic regression on ever used CAM use was based on 7, 919 observations. values represent significant group differences based on logistic regressions on CAM use. ^†Poor (<100% federal poverty line); near poor (100% to <200%); middle income (200% to <400%); and high income (≥400%). AOR: adjusted odds ratios; CI: confidence interval; CAM: complementary alternative medicine; Ref.: reference group; widow/sep/div: widowed, separated, and divorced.