Review Article
A Systematic Review on Traditional Uses, Sources, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicity of Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus
| Study models | Compounds | Dosage | Method of administration | T1/2 (h) | Tmax (h) | CL/F (L·kg/h) | V\F (L/kg) | Cmax (μg/L) | AUC0–tμg h/L) | AUC0–∞μg h/L) | Reference |
| Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats | Imperialine | 5 mg/kg | i.v. | 14.731 ± 19.393 | — | 2.087 ± 0.666 | — | — | 1105.206 ± 1019.526 | 2590.930 ± 820.813 | [86] | Male SD rats | Imperialine | 1 mg/kg | i.g. | 1.906 ± 0.703 | 0.467 ± 0.347 | 6.310 ± 0.971 | — | 60.929 ± 17.356 | 156.466 ± 26.218 | 161.672 ± 26.129 | [86] | Male SD rats | Imperialine | 5 mg/kg | i.g. | 4.683 ± 4.409 | 0.550 ± 0.274 | 3.955 ± 1.151 | — | 318.019 ± 62.449 | 1179.344 ± 238.451 | 1388.993 ± 546.863 | [86] | Male SD rats | Imperialine | 10 mg/kg | i.g. | 2.305 ± 0.961 | 0.600 ± 0.224 | 4.228 ± 0.924 | — | 743.601 ± 234.293 | 2287.713 ± 406.720 | 2455.225 ± 522.966 | [86] | Beagle dogs | Imperialine | 5 mg | i.g. | 3.041 ± 1.928 | 1.167 ± 0.258 | — | — | 12.335 ± 11.629 | 36.430 ± 5.944 | 40.213 ± 10.554 | [87] | Beagle dogs | Imperialine tablet | 5 mg | i.g. | 11.890 ± 13.622 | 4.333 ± 1.366 | — | — | 7.723 ± 1.166 | 89.581 ± 21.243 | 91.170 ± 20.997 | [87] | SD rats | Peimine | 1 mg/kg | i.g. | ♀2.86 ± 1.29 | ♀0.67 ± 0.31 | ♀67.0 ± 11.6 | ♀280 ± 160 | ♀3.67 ± 1.13 | ♀14.5 ± 3.27 | ♀15.3 ± 3.06 | [90] | ♂2.78 ± 0.85 | ♂0.70 ± 0.11 | ♂6.53 ± 2.35 | ♂25.5 ± 9.07 | ♂38.9 ± 9.34 | ♂159 ± 50.1 | ♂167 ± 52.5 |
| SD rats | Peimine | 2 mg/kg | i.g. | ♀4.05 ± 2.48 | ♀0.40 ± 0.36 | ♀113 ± 33.5 | ♀649 ± 419 | ♀7.45 ± 7.10 | ♀17.3 ± 5.40 | ♀18.8 ± 5.01 | [90] | ♂3.05 ± 0.78 | ♂1.45 ± 1.42 | ♂4.40 ± 0.98 | ♂19.4 ± 6.70 | ♂94.8 ± 17.1 | ♂446 ± 111 | ♂475 ± 119 |
| SD rats | Peimine | 4 mg/kg | i.g. | ♀1.84 ± 0.58 | ♀0.40 ± 0.35 | ♀152 ± 28.2 | ♀387 ± 74.2 | ♀12.6 ± 5.14 | ♀26.6 ± 5.84 | ♀27.1 ± 5.78 | [90] | ♂2.33 ± 0.86 | ♂0.70 ± 0.11 | ♂5.59 ± 1.48 | ♂18.6 ± 9.14 | ♂176 ± 45.2 | ♂737 ± 236 | ♂769 ± 257 |
| SD rats | Peimine | 0.4 mg/kg | i.v. | — | — | ♀4.47 ± 1.48 | ♀82.5 ± 70.3 | — | ♀65.6 ± 7.03 | ♀98.9 ± 35.8 | [90] | | | ♂2.43 ± 0.37 | ♂10.9 ± 1.56 | | ♂159.5 ± 20.2 | ♂167.6 ± 23.0 |
| SD rats | Peimisine | 0.26 mg/kg | i.g. | ♀3.2 ± 1.8 | ♀4.0 ± 0.0 | ♀9.6 ± 3.9 | ♀43.8 ± 27.2 | ♀5.6 ± 2.3 | ♀26.1 ± 9.7 | ♀30.0 ± 10.9 | [89] | ♂3.9 ± 1.7 | ♂4.0 ± 0.0 | ♂2.2 ± 0.02 | ♂12.5 ± 5.7 | ♂17.8 ± 1.7 | ♂102.3 ± 6.5 | ♂117.2 ± 1.2 |
| SD rats | Peimisine | 1.3 mg/kg | i.g. | ♀3.1 ± 1.3 | ♀3.0 ± 1.4 | ♀2.8 ± 0.99 | ♀7.9 ± 2.4 | ♀58.2 ± 14.7 | ♀478.3 ± 162.0 | ♀480.0 ± 164.4 | [89] | ♂3.0 ± 0.26 | ♂4.0 ± 0.0 | ♂1.34 ± 0.07 | ♂5.8 ± 0.22 | ♂123.6 ± 36.4 | ♂964.4 ± 46.5 | ♂970.0 ± 49.1 |
| SD rats | Peimisine | 6.5 mg/kg | i.g. | ♀4.8 ± 1.1 | ♀4.0 ± 0.0 | ♀5.1 ± 1.7 | ♀33.8 ± 7.5 | ♀181.2 ± 32.4 | ♀1305.7 ± 404.9 | ♀1389.6 ± 476.2 | [89] | ♂4.5 ± 1.3 | ♂3.5 ± 1.0 | ♂1.2 ± 0.40 | ♂7.7 ± 2.4 | ♂601.7 ± 212.0 | ♂5529.5 ± 1628.2 | ♂5695.8 ± 1372.0 |
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