Review Article
A Review on Worldwide Ephedra History and Story: From Fossils to Natural Products Mass Spectroscopy Characterization and Biopharmacotherapy Potential
Table 2
Antioxidant activity of Ephedra species (published in the period 2015–2019).
| | Source | Part | Extraction | Method | Activity | References |
| | Tunisia | Aerial parts of E. alata Decne | EtOH 70% | CUPRAC | 7453.18 ± 2.5 µmol trolox/g | [90] | | Aerial parts of E. alata | EtOH/water (v/v) | DPPH | 33.51 ± 0.05 mg TEAC/100 g | [23] | | ABTS | 37.86 ± 0.03 mg TEAC/100 g | | Aerial parts of E. alata | MeOH 70% (I); CHCL3 (II)EtOAc (III); BuOH (IV); and water (V) | TAC | (I) | 125.50 ± 3.50 mg aa eq/g | [45] | | (II) | 221.71 ± 8.90 mg aa eq/g | | (III) | 145.71 ± 13.1 mg aa eq/g | | (IV) | 130.29 ± 2.60 mg aa eq/g | | (V) | 56.29 ± 4.50 mg aa eq/g | | DPPH | (I) | 0.330 ± 0.004 mg/mL | | (II) | 0.454 ± 0.008 mg/mL | | (III) | 0.180 ± 0.002 mg/mL | | (IV) | 0.176 ± 0.002 mg/mL | | (V) | - | | FRAP | (I) | 10.38 ± 0.04 mM TEq/g | | (II) | 18.32 ± 0.07 mM TEq/g | | (III) | 21.36 ± 0.04 mM TEq/g | | (IV) | 4.14 ± 0.03 mM TEq/g | | (V) | 0.82 ± 0.02 mM TEq/g | | Algeria | Whole plant of E. alataDecne ssp. alenda | Water (boiling) | DPPH (EC50) | 450 ± 7 μg/mL | [100] | | Reducing power (EC50) | 108 ± 1 μg/mL | | β-carotene bleaching inhibition | 131 ± 1 μg/mL | | Water (decoction) | DPPH (EC50) | 455 ± 6 μg/mL | | Reducing power (EC50) | 109 ± 3 μg/mL | | β-Carotene bleaching inhibition (EC50) | 173 ± 3 μg/mL | | EtOH/water | DPPH (EC50) | 540 ± 3 μg/mL | | Reducing power (EC50) | 377 ± 4 μg/mL | | β-carotene bleaching inhibition (EC50) | 502 ± 8 μg/mL | | Jordan | Stems of E. alata | Petroleum ether and MeOH | DPPH (IC50) | 66.4 ± 0.55 μg/mL | [95] | | ABTS (IC50) | 50.2 ± 1.2 μg/mL | | Ferrous ion (Fe2+) chelating | 77.1 ± 1.1 μg/mL | | (IC50) | | | Hydroxyl radical (IC50) | 43.5 ± 1.14 μg/mL | | Saudi Arabia | Ripe fruits of E. foeminea | MeOH | DPPH (1 mg/mL) | 68% | [96] | | Total antioxidant activity | 60% | | Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity (1 mg/mL) | 68% | | Palestine | Leaves of E. alata | MeOH | DPPH (IC50) | 15.85 μg/mL | [113] | | Aerial parts of E. alata | MeOH | DPPH (100 μg/mL) | 75.02 ± 1.67% | [114] | | Lebanon | Fresh stems of E. campylopoda | Water | DPPH(IC50) | 300 ± 4.4 μg/mL | [97] | | Metal chelating activity (IC50) | >1.5 mg/mL | | EtOH | DPPH (IC50) | 125 ± 4.4 μg/mL | | Metal chelating activity (IC50) | >1.5 mg/mL | | MeOH | DPPH (IC50) | 150 ± 5.1 μg/mL | | Metal chelating activity (IC50) | 1 ± 1.2 mg/mL | | Pakistan | Root and stem of E. gerardiana | MeOH | DPPH (root) (IC50) | 14.94 ± 3.54 μg/mL | [115] | | Water | DPPH (stem) (IC50) | 3.44 ± 0.69 μg/mL | | n-Hx | DPPH (roots) (IC50) | 21.49 ± 6.26 μg/mL | | DPPH (stem) (IC50) | 13.92 ± 6.04 μg/mL | | CHCl3 | DPPH (roots) (IC50) | 6.38 ± 1.59 μg/mL | | DPPH (stem) (IC50) | 22.73 ± 6.92 μg/mL | | EtOAc | DPPH (roots) (IC50) | 2.96 ± 0.39 μg/mL | | DPPH (stem) (IC50) | 2.73 ± 0.84 μg/mL | | n-BuOH | DPPH (roots) (IC50) | 13.74 ± 2.71 μg/mL | | DPPH (stem) (IC50) | 2.69 ± 0.26 μg/mL | | Aerial parts of Ephedra | EtOH/MeOH/water | DPPH (100 μg/mL) | 90.08 ± 1.37% | [103] | | Korea | Stem of E. sinica | EtOH | DPPH (1 mg/mL) | 75% | [116] | | ABTS (1 mg/mL) | 80% | | Chile | Aerial parts of Ephedra chilensis | n-Hx | DPPH (IC50) | 13.77 ± 0.37 mg/mL | [94] | | FRAP | 3.90 ± 0.20TEAC mM | | TRAP | 0.28 ± 0.05TEAC mM | | CH2Cl2 | DPPH (IC50) | 3.02 ± 0.02 mg/mL | | | FRAP | 21.05 ± 0.18TEAC mM | | TRAP | 1.40 ± 0.07TEAC mM | | EtOH | DPPH (IC50) | 0.68 ± 0.01 mg/mL | | FRAP | 24.00 ± 0.43TEAC mM | | TRAP | 1.53 ± 0.06TEAC mM) | | Leaves and stems of E. chilensis | EtOH | DPPH (1 mg/mL) | 82% | [117] |
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