A Review on Worldwide Ephedra History and Story: From Fossils to Natural Products Mass Spectroscopy Characterization and Biopharmacotherapy Potential

Table 3

Antimicrobial activity extract from different species of the worldwide genus of Ephedra.

Source	Part	Extraction	Target microorganism	Activity		References
				MIC	IZ (mm)
Tunisia	Aerial parts of E. alata Decne	EtOH 70%	Klebsiella pneumonia ATCC 700603	200 μg/mL	7	[90]
			Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022	200 μg/mL	7
			Salmonella enterica ATCC 14028	200 μg/mL	7
			Escherichia coli ATCC 25922	200 μg/mL	7
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853	200 μg/mL	7
			Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923	50 μg/mL	9
			Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299	100 μg/mL	7
			Candida albicans ATCC 10231	50 μg/mL	10
			Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019	50 μg/mL	10
	Aerial parts of E. alata var. alenda	EtOH–water (1 : 1); -		50 mg/mL	9.5 mm	[118]
	Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633
			Moraxella catarrhalis ATCC 25238	-	7.5 mm
			Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300	>5	14.5 mm
			Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213	-	9.5 mm
Algeria	Whole plant of E. alata Decne ssp. alenda	Water (infusion	Escherichia coli ESBL	20 mg/mL		[100]
			Escherichia coli	20 mg/mL
			Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL	20 mg/mL
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	20 mg/mL
			Morganella morganii	20 mg/mL
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	>20 mg/mL
			Enterococcus faecalis	20 mg/mL
			Listeria monocytogenes	20 mg/mL
			Methicillin-resistant S. aureus	10 mg/mL
			Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus	10 mg/mL
		Water (decoction)	Escherichia coli ESBL	20 mg/mL
			Escherichia coli	20 mg/mL
			Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL	20 mg/mL
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	20 mg/mL
			Morganella morganii	>20 mg/mL
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	>20 mg/mL
			Enterococcus faecalis	20 mg/mL
			Listeria monocytogenes	20 mg/mL
			Methicillin-resistant S. aureus	20 mg/mL
			Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus	20 mg/mL
		EtOH/H2O	Escherichia coli ESBL	5 mg/mL
			Escherichia coli	5 mg/mL
			Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL	10 mg/mL
			Klebsiella pneumoniae	10 mg/mL
			Morganella morganii	20 mg/mL
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa	20 mg/mL
			Enterococcus faecalis	10 mg/mL
			Listeria monocytogenes	10 mg/mL
			Methicillin-resistant S. aureus	5 mg/mL
			Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus	5 mg/mL
Iran	E. sinica	EtOH	Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853	12.5 μg/mL		[119]
Pakistan	Aerial parts of E. procera	H2O	B. subtilis ATCC 6633	11.33 μg/mL	15.2	[93]
		(5 μL (100 μg/disc))	P. aeruginosa ATCC 9721	100 μg/mL	11
			E. coli ATCC 25922	11.12 μg/mL	19.2
			S. epidermidis ATCC 12228	-	-
			K. pneumoniae ATCC 1705)	33.3 μg/mL	14.2
			S. aureus ATCC 6538	-	-
			A. fumigatus FCBP 66		13
			A. flavus FCBP 0064		14.2
			A. Niger FCBP 0198		15.8
			Mucor spp. FCBP 0300		11
Pakistan	Dry stems of E. vulgaris	MeOH	S. pneumoniae		15.36	[120]
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa		10.36
			Klebsiella pneumoniae		12.70
		EtOH	S. pneumoniae		15.30
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa		8.70
			Klebsiella pneumoniae		11.60
		CHCl3	S. pneumoniae		17.16
			Pseudomonas aeruginosa		0
			Klebsiella pneumoniae		12.63
		Water	S. pneumoniae		13.26
			P. aeruginosa		0
			K. pneumoniae		13.70