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| No | Compound name | Biological activity | Description | Reference |
|
| 1 | Polydatin | Dermatological disorders | Showed potent tyrosinase inhibition compared to the positive control, kojic acid, with an IC50 value of 4.05 ± 0.30 µg/mL | [83] |
| 2 | (-)-8-Chlorocatechin | Antidiabetic | The most potent isolate, also more potent than the positive control, acarbose, with an IC50 value of 43.60 ± 0.67 µg/mL | [83] |
| 3 | β-Sitosterol-D-glucoside | | Showed moderate inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase | |
| 4 | Tiliroside | Antidiabetic | Highest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 of 28.36 ± 0.11 mmol/L | [86, 91] |
| 5 | Epicatechin | Antioxidant | Higher antioxidant activity with inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 22.55 ± 2.23 mmol/L than that of quercetin, which was used as the standard, with an IC50 of 28.08 ± 2.39 mmol/L | [86] |
| 6 | A-3-O-Galloyloleanolic acid-23-acetoxy-3-O-galloyloleanolic acid
B-3-Acetoxy-23-O-galloyloleanolic acid
C-3-O-Galloylursolic acid | Antidiabetic | Most of the compounds showed strong inhibitory effects on PTP1B and α-glucosidase, their IC50 values were about 6-fold to 20-fold lower than positive control | [49] |
| 7 | Quercetin-3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-β-galactopyranoside | Antidiabetic | Increased the survival of pancreatic beta cells by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species and enhancing the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione in MIN6 cells damaged by H2O2. The preliminary mechanism by which the compound protects pancreatic beta cells was through the nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 HO-1 pathway | [87] |
| 8 | Betulin | Anticancer | Treatment with betulin increases expression of the caspase family (i.e., caspase-3, -6, and -9), proapoptotic genes (BAX and BAK), and inhibiting antiapoptotic genes (BCL-2L1 and p53) and could also regulate metastasis by inhibiting MMP-2/- | [29] |
| 9 | Roburgenic acid | Cytotoxicity | Roburgenic acid was the most active compound (IC50 = 19.7 μM) reaching a comparable value to those of positive controls | [90] |
| 10 | 3-O-Galloyloleanolic acid | Antihepatic fibrosis and antioxidant | Upregulated the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 in t-HSC/Cl-6 cells | [49] |
| 11 | A-23-O-Galloyl-2α,3β,19α-trihydroxyurs-12-en- 28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
B-3-O-Galloyl-2α,19α,23 trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
C-3,23-O-Butylidene 2α,3β,19α,23 tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside
D-2α,3β,23-Trihydroxylup-20(29)-en-28-oic acid 28- O-β-D-glucopyranoside | Antineuroinflammatory | The compounds reduce dose dependently the expression levels of proinflammatory mediator iNOS and reduce the COX-2 expression induced by LPS in BV-2 cells | [45] |
| 12 | A-3,23-O-Methyl butyrate 2,3,19,23-tetrahydroxy-urs-12-en-28-oic acid -d glucopyranosyl ester
B-3,23-O-Methyl butyrate-2,3,19,23-tetrahydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid -d-glucopyranosyl ester
C-23-Acetoxy-2,3,19 trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid | Anti-inflammatory | The three compounds showed pronounced anti-inflammatory activities compared to positive control indomethacin (IC50 (µM): 8.2 ± 0.6, 12.8 ± 0.8, 19.1 ± 6.1, and 47.4 ± 4.5, respectively) and higher activity against proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) | [44] |
| 13 | A-(-)-Epicatechin
B-Procyanidin B3
C-Procyanidin B4 | Anti-inflammatory | The three compounds showed dose-dependent inhibitory activities on gene expression of COX-2 and IL-1β | [80] |
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