Topical Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Essential Oils of Alpinia calcarata Rosc., Its Main Constituents, and Possible Mechanism of Action

Table 1

GC-MS profile of essential oils of Alpinia calcarata rhizome and leaves.

Compounds	Rhizome			Leaf
	RT	RSI	Area	RT	RSI	Area
Monoterpenes (M)
α-Pinene	5.29	926	0.07	5.32	900	0.06
β-Pinene	—	—	—	13.23	958	0.68
Ο-cymene	6.09	961	0.82	6.12	967	0.35
D-limonene	4.58	908	5.52	4.60	904	5.74
Pinocarvone	15.04	834	0.23	—	—	—
Myrtenal	17.15	909	0.65	17.17	860	0.04
γ-terpinene	5.51	929	0.39	5.54	917	0.59
α-Ocimene	5.66	929	0.26	5.68	933	0.70
Terpinolene	5.72	919	0.38	5.76	866	0.68
α-Copane	14.27	824	0.21	14.30	851	0.04
(+)-3-Carene	5.01	830	0.28	30.14	806	0.88
Fenchone	—	—	—	11.5	852	10
Pinocarveol	15.08	834	0.27	—	—	—
α-Terpinyl acetate	5.72	919	0.56	—	—	—
Total (M)			9.64			19.76
Oxygenated monoterpenes (OM)
Eucalyptol (1,8-cineole)	4.76	948	38.45	4.76	954	31.08
α-Terpineol	19.03	838	11.62	19.95	881	10.31
Camphor	12.49	823	7.29	12.52	959	10.0
Bornyl acetate	15.57	933	0.38	15.59	930	0.51
Terpinen-4-ol	16.49	916	1.68	16.50	907	1.09
Fenchol	15.87	944	0.51	—	—	—
Fenchyl acetate	11.81	955	10.73	11.81	930	0.13
Linalool	18.28	863	0.62	18.32	866	0.39
Total (OM)			71.28			53.51
Sesquiterpenes (S)
Carotol	30.50	923	3.36	30.50	924	6.53
Caryophyllene oxide	29.09	911	0.17	22.67	894	0.35
α-Bisabolene	33.99	831	0.05	18.51	886	0.61
α-Famesene	—	—	—	18.95	931	1.67
β-Sesquiphellandrene	34.95	826	—	34.59	826	0.25
α-Himachalene	—	—	—	35.34	893	0.55
β-Nerolidol	—	—	—	18.12	866	0.6
Cubedol	32.43	852	0.15	32.43	852	0.15
10-epi-Elemol	—	—	—	32.34	836	3.22
B-calarene	21.85	836	1.51	21.86	859	7.53
D-guaiene	20.28	916	0.14	—	—	—
Total (S)			5.4			21.46
Aliphatic alcohol
2-Heptanol	7.31	918	0.11	7.35	899	0.12
6-epi-Shyobunol	31.18	802	1.13	28.57	797	1.82
Total			1.24			1.94
Others
Phytol			—	40.98	899	0.88
Daucol	36.43	827	0.12	—	—	—
Trans-α-bergamotene	38.08	899	0.09	38.07	874	0.52
cis-p-Mentha-1 (7),8-dien-2-ol	24.82	846	0.07	19.60	792	0.14
2-Butanone, 4-phenyl-	—	—	—	6.71	841	0.45
2-Propenoic acid, 3-phenyl-, methyl ester	32.24	936	5.43	32.24	936	0.35
Methyl 9,11-octadecadienoate	37.75	826	—	19.47	797	0.51
Cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene, (3α,5α)	36.93	830	0.1	35.55	816
Octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether	43.48	788	0.12	39.59	755
2-Methyl-4-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)but-2-en-1-ol	14.61	808	0.48	37.38	811	0.27
5-Azulenemethanol
1,2,3,3a,4,5,6,7-Octahydro-α,α,3,8-tetramethyl-, [3S-(3α,3aβ,5α)]-	32.59	911	0.42	38.70	801	0.11
1H-benzocycloheptene,2,4a,5,6,7,8,9,9a-octahydro-3,5,5-trimethyl-9-methylene-	20.84	847	0.10	—	—	—
(-)-Myrtenol	23.21	921	0.23	23.22	872	0.07
Benzenepropanol, a-methyl-β-nitro-(R, R)-(.+-.)-	10.85	767	0.32	—	—	—
3,7-Cyclodecadiene-1-methanol, a,a,4,8-tetramethyl-, [s-(Z,Z)]	32.12	887	0.26	—	—	—
1-Heptatriacotanol	34.84	797	0.03	40.66	787	0.18
Cyclohexene-1-methyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)	4.24	944	0.08	4.26	932	0.11
Total			7.85			2.7
Overall total			95.41			99.37